Bitter/sweet orange (orange)

Citrus(?)

Other names: Bitter/sweet orange (orange)

Edible plant

Georgian

Photo credit: Ellen Levy Finch (Elf)

Safety information

Toxicity: None known for culinary peel amounts. (General knowledge: bitter-orange peel contains synephrine; concentrated extracts have cardiovascular cautions — not relevant to culinary use here.)

Contraindications: (General knowledge) concentrated bitter-orange (synephrine) extracts cautioned in hypertension — not the culinary peel use.

Interactions: (General knowledge) grapefruit/some citrus inhibit CYP3A4 (furanocoumarins); relevant mainly to grapefruit, noted for caution.

Evidence level

Folk

Reported in folk medicine sources; not clinically validated. Folk and historical sources have not been validated by clinical research.

Preparations

electuary base/flavor · fruit peel

Part used: fruit peel

Traditional use: peel used as a base/flavor in the 'majnuni' electuary(Folk and historical sources have not been validated by clinical research.)

Evidence:Folk

General preparation guide →

Associated conditions

Miscellaneous symptoms

Edibility

Edible parts: Fruit; peel used as flavoring/zest.

Nutritional notes

Vitamin C, flavonoids (general).

Healing traditions

Georgian

Sources (1)

Lamberti 1991, in Mindadze, Masalebi 2020, N1

All sources →