Sources

Facts and descriptions in Botanica are paraphrased from the cited sources below. For original wording, refer to each source directly.

Other sources

EMA/HMPC Millefolii herba monograph & public summary
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/y/yarrow02.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.56) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Achillea millefolium
Keti 2018, "მედეადან დღემდე" (folk)
Martkoplishvili & Kvavadze, Some popular medicinal plants ... Upper Palaeolithic in Western Georgia, J Ethnopharmacol 2015
Bussmann et al., A comparative ethnobotany ... Republic of Georgia, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016;12:43
Millefolii herba — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2020
EU herbal monograph on Achillea millefolium L., herba (Rev.1), EMA/HMPC, 2020
Aconitum carmichaelii (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_carmichaelii
Chan TY, Aconite poisoning, Clin Toxicol 2009, PMID 19514874
Lin, Chan & Deng, Clinical features and management of herb-induced aconitine poisoning, Ann Emerg Med 2004, PMID 15111916
Ma et al. 2015, Toxins (Basel) (PMID 25594733, PMC4303819)
Yang et al. 2016, chemical compounds of Tibetan Aconitum (PMID 28868849)
NCCIH Black Cohosh fact sheet
NIH LiverTox Black Cohosh chapter
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.79) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Sharma 2022, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 36142805)
Venthodika 2021, Phytother Res (PMID 33159390)
Manandhar 2018, J Integr Med (PMID 29709412)
Maity 2009, Indian J Exp Biol (PMID 20099458)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.58) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Aesculus hippocastanum
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Agathosma betulina
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Agrimonia eupatoria
Foraging/ethnobotanical references
brassica glucosinolate food-composition literature
MK (commentary §პრასა)
KH lexicon (Allium porrum)
NCCIH Garlic fact sheet (Ried 2013 Nutr Rev, PMID 23590705; Sun 2018, PMID 29718835; Shabani 2019, PMID 30049636; Hitl 2021, PMID 33571752)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/garlic06.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.59) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Allium sativum
NCCIH Garlic fact sheet (Ried 2013 Nutr Rev; Sun 2018 Medicine; Shabani 2019 Prim Care Diabetes; Hitl 2021 burn cases)
Nebieridze; Mindadze 1961, in Masalebi 2020, N1
Bussmann et al., Unity in diversity — food plants of Sakartvelo, 2021
M-Hamvas 2025 Plants (Basel) histological separation of A. ursinum vs Convallaria/Colchicum (PMC12348878)
Ivanović 2022 Metabolites metabolomic adulterant detection in A. ursinum (PMC9501555)
NCCIH Aloe Vera fact sheet
NIH LiverTox Aloe Vera chapter
EMA/HMPC Aloe (Barbados/Cape) and HMPC hydroxyanthracene-derivative public statement
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.60) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
EMA/HMPC Althaeae radix monograph & public summary
MK (commentary §ტუხტი)
KH lexicon (Althaea officinalis)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mallow07.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Althaea officinalis
USDA FoodData Central (amaranth leaves; amaranth grain)
food-composition reviews of Amaranthus
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.62) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hu 2017, PLoS One (PMID 28783743)
Worakunphanich 2021, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (PMID 33372366)
Shang 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 35153776)
Hossain 2021, Life (Basel) (PMID 33923529)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/dill--13.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Anethum graveolens
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Angelica archangelica
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.63) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Angelica sinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_sinensis
Dong Quai (MedlinePlus/NIH), English, 2024, https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/936.html
Page & Lawrence, Potentiation of Warfarin by Dong Quai, Pharmacotherapy 1999, PMID 10417036
Ren et al., Pharmacological action of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides: a review, Front Pharmacol 2025, PMC11770047
Ma et al. 2015, Toxins (Basel) (PMID 25594733)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.64) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Apium graveolens
Standard Western/East Asian ethnobotany and herbal references
published case reports of anticholinergic poisoning from adulterated burdock-root tea (toxicology literature)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.65) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Arctium lappa
Yang 2025 Front Pharmacol (PMC12531496)
Chen 2024 fermented-root study (PMC11551023)
USDA FoodData Central (burdock root, cooked)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
MK (commentary §ძიმწარე, which explicitly names aristolochine)
Dong et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41064454)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Arnica montana
MK (Latin glossary, აბზინდა)
KH lexicon (Artemisia absinthium)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/w/wormwo37.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.66) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Artemisia absinthium
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.67) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Artemisia vulgaris
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Asclepias tuberosa
USDA FoodData Central (asparagus)
food-composition references
foraging guides
Kurmi 2026, Chem Biodivers (PMID 41370308)
Forinash 2012, Ann Pharmacother (PMID 23012383)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.68) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Astragalus membranaceus
Astragalus mongholicus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_propinquus
Block & Mead, Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review, Integr Cancer Ther 2003, PMID 15035888
Rios & Waterman, A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus, Phytother Res 1997
Atractylodes macrocephala (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractylodes_macrocephala
Zhu et al., The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.: A review, J Ethnopharmacol 2018, PMID 30130541
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.69) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Avena sativa
Patil 2022, J Pharm Pharmacol (PMID 34562010)
Braga 2021, Molecules (PMID 33419112)
Sinniah 1981, Lancet (PMID 6110100)
Lai 1990, Singapore Med J (PMID 2259944)
Mishra 2013, Indian J Crit Care Med (PMID 24339648)
Kongkeaw 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 24252493)
Lopresti 2025, Clin Drug Investig (PMID 41091332)
Fatima 2022, Front Nutr (PMID 36061899)
LiverTox: Bacopa monnieri, NIDDK 2024 (PMID 38718157)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Ballota nigra
Piršelová & Jakubčinová 2025 Front Plant Sci cyanogenic-glycoside review (PMC12350405)
Das & Tamang 2026 Sci Rep taxiphyllin-degradation study (PMC13125572)
Lachowicz 2024 Biomolecules cyanide/cyanogenic toxicity review (PMC11591714)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Berberis vulgaris
Food-composition data for Beta vulgaris leaves (chard/sea beet)
coastal foraging references
Nebieridze, Masalebi 2020, N1
EMA/HMPC Betulae folium monograph & public summary
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Betula alba
Betulae folium (Birch Leaf) — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2015
Final EU herbal monograph on Betula pendula Roth; Betula pubescens Ehrh., folium (EMA/HMPC/573241/2014), 2015
Yu 2020, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 32680575)
Bannuru 2018, Semin Arthritis Rheum (PMID 29622343)
Dalmonte 2024, Phytother Res (PMID 39314013)
Abdel-Tawab 2011, Clin Pharmacokinet (PMID 21553931)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Brassica nigra
Bupleurum chinense (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupleurum_chinense
Liu et al., Herbal medicines for fatty liver diseases (Cochrane) 2013, PMID 23975682
Abe et al., Protective effect of saikosaponin-d on CCl4-induced liver injury, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1982, PMID 7133157
MK glossary (ბზა)
KH lexicon (Buxus colchica)
EMA/HMPC Calendulae flos monograph & public summary
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/marigo16.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.73) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Calendula officinalis
Calendulae flos — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2018
EU herbal monograph on Calendula officinalis L., flos (Rev.1), EMA/HMPC, 2018
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Capsella bursa-pastoris
EMA/HMPC Capsici fructus monograph & public summary
NCCIH/MedlinePlus capsaicin information
Cochrane topical-capsaicin neuropathic-pain reviews
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.74) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Capsicum annuum
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/carawa20.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.76) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Wright 2022, Antioxidants (PMID 35204098)
Wattanathorn 2008, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 18191355)
Bandopadhyay 2023, J Cell Mol Med (PMID 36756687)
Gohil 2010, Indian J Pharm Sci (PMID 21694984)
Chelidonium majus — Wikipedia (cites EMA, Pantano 2017, LiverTox), 2025
Greater Celandine — LiverTox / NIDDK (NBK548684, PMID 31643995)
Final assessment report on Chelidonium majus L., herba — EMA/HMPC, 2011
USDA FoodData Central (lambsquarters, cooked)
food-composition reviews of Chenopodium album
Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026 (cites Shennong Bencao Jing and Bencao Gangmu), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium
Zhao et al. 2022, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 35093455)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/chicor61.html
EMA/HMPC and food-composition literature on Cichorium intybus inulin
USDA FoodData Central (chicory greens; chicory root)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.80) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Cinnamomum cassia (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia
Zhang et al., Cinnamomum cassia Presl: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Molecules 2019, PMC6804248
Hajimonfarednejad et al., Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events, Clin Nutr 2018/2019, PMID 29661513
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.81) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
EFSA/food-safety coumarin assessments for cassia cinnamon
clinical meta-analyses of cinnamon and glycaemic control
Lamberti 1991, in Mindadze, Masalebi 2020, N1
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.82) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Codonopsis pilosula (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codonopsis_pilosula
Dang Shen / Codonopsis - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/codonopsis.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Commiphora (Myrrh)
Ulbricht 2005, Complement Ther Med (PMID 16338199)
Urizar 2003, Annu Rev Nutr (PMID 12626688)
Shah 2012, Phytother Res (PMID 22388973)
Shishodia 2008, Anticancer Res (PMID 19189646)
Coptis chinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis_chinensis
Wu et al., Coptisine from Coptis chinensis exerts diverse beneficial properties: A concise review, J Cell Mol Med 2019, PMC6850926
MK (commentary §ქინძი)
KH lexicon (Coriandrum sativum)
USDA FoodData Central (coriander leaf; coriander seed)
Apiaceae-misidentification literature
Dinda et al., Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:670-690 (PMID 27705748)
Demir & Kalyoncu, Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry, J Food Eng 2003;60:335-341
Cao et al. 2025, Med Sci Monit (PMID 40556304)
Wu et al. 2026, Ecol Evol (PMID 41358347)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Crataegus laevigata
EMA/HMPC Crataegi folium cum flore monograph & public summary
Szikora 2025 hawthorn-BP meta-analysis (PMID 40732315, DOI 10.3390/ph18071027)
Zeng 2024 hawthorn fruit RCT (PMID 39583031, DOI 10.1177/15593258241303136)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.87) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hawthorn — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2025
Pittler MH et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD005312 (PMID 18254076)
Crataegus pinnatifida (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_pinnatifida
Hawthorn (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/hawthorn
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.84) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Naraki et al. 2025, Iran J Basic Med Sci (PMID 40584445)
Garang et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40963683)
NCCIH Turmeric fact sheet (Feng 2022 BMC, PMID 36261810; Zeng 2022 Front Immunol, PMID 35935936; Halegoua-DeMarzio 2023, PMID 36252717)
NIH LiverTox Turmeric chapter (NBK548561)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.90) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
NCCIH Turmeric fact sheet (Feng 2022 BMC Complement Med Ther; Zeng 2022 Front Immunol; Halegoua-DeMarzio 2023 Am J Med DILIN; LiverTox NBK548561)
Curcuma longa / Turmeric (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric
Turmeric (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric
Turmeric (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548561), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548561/
Wang et al., Turmeric: A Comprehensive Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Mechanisms as a Functional Food, Nutrients 2026, PMC13118882
Zeng 2022, Front Immunol (PMID 35935936)
Zeng 2021, Biosci Rep (PMID 34017975)
Gupta 2013, AAPS J (PMID 23143785)
Soleimani 2018, Phytother Res (PMID 29480523)
MK glossary (ბია)
KH lexicon (Cydonia oblonga)
EMA/HMPC Cynarae folium (artichoke leaf) monograph & public summary
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Daucus carota
Lamberti 1991 + Kananeli 1940, in Mindadze, Masalebi 2020, N1
Dioscorea polystachya / Chinese yam (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya
Flora of China / Flora of North America treatments (efloras.org)
American Cancer Society note on wild yam claims (re D. villosa)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.91) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Dioscorea villosa
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Drosera rotundifolia
EMA/HMPC Echinaceae purpureae herba monograph & public summary
NCCIH Echinacea fact sheet (David & Cunningham 2019 meta-analysis, PMID 31126553; Anheyer 2018, PMID 28610802)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.94) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Echinacea spp.
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.93) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Eleutherococci radix — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2014/2016
Community herbal monograph on Eleutherococcus senticosus, radix (EMA/HMPC/680618/2013), 2014
Eleutherococcus senticosus — Wikipedia (cites WHO Monographs vol. 2), 2026
Liang CJW et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025;18(8):1208 (PMID 40872598; PMC12389708)
Kos G et al., Molecules 2025;30(12):2512 (PMID 40572479; PMC12195798)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Ephedra sinica
Ephedra sinica (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_sinica
Ephedra (NCCIH/NIH), English, 2024, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra
Ephedra (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548711), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548711/
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Equisetum arvense
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.112) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Eucalyptus globulus
Eucommia ulmoides (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucommia_ulmoides
Eucommia / Du Zhong - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/eucommia.html
Lamberti 1991, in Mindadze article, Masalebi 2020, N1
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/e/eyebri20.html
MK (commentary §ქალბანა)
KH lexicon (Ferula galbaniflua)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.107) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
EMA/HMPC Foeniculi amari fructus (bitter fennel fruit) monograph & public summary
EMA public statement on estragole/methyleugenol
NIH LactMed record for fennel
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/f/fennel01.html
EMA/HMPC Foeniculi amari fructus (bitter fennel fruit)
NCCIH/food-composition data
USDA FoodData Central (fennel bulb; fennel seed)
Forsythia suspensa (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsythia_suspensa
Forsythia - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/forsythia.html
Standard Western foraging/ethnobotany and herbal references
no EMA/NCCIH monograph (folk status noted honestly)
Ganoderma lucidum / Lingzhi mushroom (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom
Reishi Mushroom (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548292), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548292/
Jafari et al., The Nutritional Significance of Ganoderma lucidum on Human Health: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Food Sci Nutr 2025, PMC12160064
Ren et al., A Review of Bioactive Components and Pharmacological Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Food Sci Nutr 2025, PMC12256279
Pozzobon et al., Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenes, Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2026, PMC12845357
Gastrodia elata (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrodia_elata
Gastrodia - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/gastrodia
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.99) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Gentiana lutea
Li et al. 2023, Front Pharmacol (PMID 38161696)
Peng et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40799828)
NCCIH Ginkgo fact sheet (DeKosky 2008 GEM trial, JAMA, PMID 19017911; Liao 2020, PMID 32658034; Liu 2022 J Ethnopharmacol, PMID 35988840)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.100) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Ginkgo biloba
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/i/ivygro16.html
EMA/HMPC Liquiritiae radix monograph & public summary
EFSA/EU and national food-safety guidance on glycyrrhizin intake limits
MK (commentary §ია and cough recipes)
KH lexicon (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.101) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice Root: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
Geijerstam et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2024 (PMID 38246526)
Penninkilampi et al., J Hum Hypertens 2017 (PMID 28660884)
Nazari 2017, Phytother Res (PMID 28833680)
Ceccuzzi 2023, Nutrients (PMID 37764649)
van Uum 2005, Neth J Med (PMID 15869038)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhiza_uralensis
Licorice Root (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root
Omar et al., Licorice abuse: time to send a warning message, Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012, PMC3498851
Khan 2019, Front Pharmacol (PMID 31736747)
Patel 2012, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed (PMID 23569923)
Ota 2017, Front Pharmacol (PMID 28729836)
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynostemma_pentaphyllum
Jiaogulan / Gynostemma - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/gynostemma.html
EMA/HMPC Hamamelidis folium / cortex / aqua monograph & public summary
USDA FoodData Central (Jerusalem artichoke, raw)
inulin/prebiotic food-composition literature
Hippophae rhamnoides — Wikipedia (cites Bal 2011; Andersson 2009), 2026
Liu et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41868122)
MK (commentary §ქერის კური)
KH lexicon (Hordeum)
Houttuynia cordata (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata
Houttuynia - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/houttuynia.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.104) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.105) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Hydrastis canadensis
Wu et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41997439)
NCCIH St. John's Wort fact sheet (Nicolussi 2020 BJP, PMID 31742659; Apaydin 2016, PMID 27589952; Ng 2017, PMID 28064110; Zhao 2023, PMID 36226689)
NIH LactMed record for St. John's Wort
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sajohn06.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.106) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Hypericum perforatum
Established clinical pharmacology consensus (CYP3A4/P-gp induction; St John's wort-oral contraceptive and -ciclosporin interactions)
St. John's Wort: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
Apaydin et al., Syst Rev 2016;5:148 (PMID 27589952)
Nicolussi et al., Br J Pharmacol 2020;177(6):1212-1226 (PMID 31742659)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Hyssopus officinalis
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/e/elecam07.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.108) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Inula helenium
Inula helenium — Wikipedia (cited to van Wyk & Wink 2004; EB 1911), 2025
MK (commentary §ნიგოზი)
KH lexicon (Juglans regia)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Juniperus communis
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Lactuca virosa
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/nettle03.html
EMA/HMPC Lavandulae flos / Lavandulae aetheroleum monograph & public summary
Manzoor 2025 anxiolytic clinical review (PMID 40994458, DOI 10.1002/fsn3.70993)
Nechepurenko 2026 Lavandula pharmacology review (PMID 42248216, DOI 10.1080/13880209.2026.2679806)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Lavandula angustifolia
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mother55.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Leonurus cardiaca
Leonurus cardiaca — Wikipedia, 2026
Cheng F et al., Pharmacol Res 2020;155:104755 (PMID 32173585)
Kuchta K et al., Pharmazie 2013;68(7):534-40 (PMID 23923634)
EMA/HMPC Lini semen monograph & public summary
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.109) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Lobelia inflata
Lonicera japonica (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_japonica
Shang et al., Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology, J Ethnopharmacol 2011, PMC7127058
Lycium barbarum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycium_barbarum
Potterat O., Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety, Planta Medica 2010, doi:10.1055/s-0029-1186218
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.110) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Lycopus virginicus
EMA/HMPC Althaeae radix (marshmallow root, same mucilage class)
ethnobotanical food references for Malva sylvestris
EMA/HMPC Matricariae flos monograph & public summary
NIH LactMed record for German chamomile
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.77) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Matricariae flos — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2016
EU herbal monograph on Matricaria recutita L., flos, EMA/HMPC, 2016
Public-health/foodborne-illness guidance on ostrich-fern fiddleheads (cooking requirement)
literature on bracken/ptaquiloside carcinogenicity
Chen et al. 2026, Curr Issues Mol Biol (PMID 41751439)
EMA/HMPC Melissae folium monograph & public summary
Priya 2025 rosmarinic acid review (PMID 40134762, DOI 10.2147/ndt.s501597)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.111) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Mentha canadensis / haplocalyx (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_canadensis
Peppermint Oil (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil
Voigt, Franke & Lachenmeier, Risk Assessment of Pulegone in Foods, Foods 2024;13:2906 (PMID 39335834)
EMA/HMPC Menthae piperitae aetheroleum monograph & public summary
Linas 2026 Menthacarin phase IV trial (PMID 41405807, DOI 10.1007/s10354-025-01119-2)
Pastras 2026 plant-derived IBS treatments review (PMID 41599795, DOI 10.3390/nu18020183)
MK (commentary §პიტნა)
KH lexicon (Mentha piperita)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mints-39.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.114) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Mentha × piperita
EMA/HMPC Menthae piperitae aetheroleum (peppermint oil)
NCCIH peppermint information
Peppermint Oil: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
Ingrosso MR et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;56(6):932-941 (PMID 35942669)
Lacy BE et al., Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(1):17-44 (PMID 33315591)
MK (commentary §ბ. მთის/ტყის პიტნა)
KH lexicon (Mentha pulegium)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Mentha pulegium
Sianipar 2026 Drug Des Devel Ther moringa human-studies review (PMC12912182)
food-composition data for Moringa oleifera leaves
Morus alba (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba
Mulberry / Morus - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/mulberry.html
Hammoud 2025, Parkinsons Dis (PMID 40860042)
Rai 2020, 3 Biotech (PMID 33194526)
Cilia 2026, J Parkinsons Dis (PMID 42053204)
Caronni 2024, Parkinsonism Relat Disord (PMID 38797572)
Makowska-Wąs et al. 2026, Life (Basel) 16(5):832 (PMID 42195387, PMC13208939)
WHO foodborne trematodiases / fascioliasis fact sheet
USDA FoodData Central (watercress, raw)
Nelumbo nucifera (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
Lotus / Nelumbo - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/lotus.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.116) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Arya 2024, Plants (Basel) (PMID 39771214)
NCCIH/Cochrane evening primrose (atopic eczema) evidence
MedlinePlus evening primrose oil information
NCCIH evening primrose oil information
ethnobotanical food references for Oenothera biennis
Ophiopogon japonicus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiopogon_japonicus
Ophiopogon - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ophiopogon
Food-phytochemistry/antioxidant literature on Origanum vulgare carvacrol
culinary-herb composition references
Origanum vulgare — Wikipedia, 2026
Oregano — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2016
Dragland S et al., J Nutr 2003;133(5):1286-90 (PMID 12730411)
Paeonia lactiflora (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_lactiflora
Yan et al., Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein-inducing compound, Cell Stress Chaperones 2004, PMC1065277
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.118) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Panax ginseng
Panax ginseng (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_ginseng
Asian Ginseng (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asianginseng/ataglance.htm
Ginseng (LactMed, NCBI Bookshelf NBK501814), English, 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501814/
de Oliveira Zanuso et al., Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: A systematic review, Exp Gerontol 2022, PMID 35143871
MK glossary (აფიონი)
KH lexicon (Opium / Papaver)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Passiflora incarnata
Perilla frutescens (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens
Perilla - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/perilla.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.121) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/parsle09.html
USDA FoodData Central (parsley, raw)
EMA/toxicology notes on parsley seed apiole
Wang et al. 2025, Front Plant Sci (PMID 40530282)
Yu et al. 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 36267280)
Setayesh 2023, Diabetes Metab Syndr (PMID 36934568)
Hashem-Dabaghian 2018, J Cardiovasc Thorac Res (PMID 30386531)
Thilakchand 2013, Food Funct (PMID 23978895)
Lewis et al. 2026, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 42172813)
Well-documented Phytolacca poisoning toxicology consensus
Almeleebia 2022, Molecules (PMID 36500409)
Mehta 2021, Mini Rev Med Chem (PMID 33797375)
Raut 2023, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 35659739)
Verma 2009, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 19619118)
Zhang 2021, Food Funct (PMID 34528635)
Srinivasan 2007, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (PMID 17987447)
Quijia 2021, Acta Pharm (PMID 33151173)
LactMed: Black Pepper, NICHD (PMID 35349239)
EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium monograph & public summary
EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium monograph (closely related species rationale)
standard Western ethnobotany/foraging references
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/placom43.html
EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium
USDA/food-composition data for Plantago greens
Plantago major — Wikipedia, 2026
Samuelsen AB, J Ethnopharmacol (PMC7142308), 2000
Plantain — Drugs.com professional monograph, 2020
EMA/HMPC Plantaginis ovatae seminis tegumentum (ispaghula husk) monograph & public summary
FDA soluble-fibre (psyllium) health-claim documentation
MedlinePlus psyllium information
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.123) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Platycodon grandiflorus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycodon
Platycodon - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/platycodon.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.83) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Padhye 2012, Med Res Rev (PMID 23059762)
Thakor 2022, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 34967293)
Sandeep 2011, Asian Pac J Trop Med (PMID 22118035)
Vajdi 2025 J Res Med Sci purslane-and-blood-pressure systematic review/meta-analysis (PMC12646340)
Zherkova 2025 Plants (Basel) purslane oxalate/ascorbic-acid assessment (PMC12656633)
USDA FoodData Central (purslane, raw)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/selfhe40.html
Prunella vulgaris (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_vulgaris
Prunella / Self-heal - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/prunella.html
MK (commentary §ტყემალი)
KH lexicon (Prunus divaricata)
MK (commentary §ნუში)
KH lexicon (Amygdalus)
Luo et al. 2026, Molecules (PMID 42280170)
Pueraria montana / Kudzu (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu
Kudzu (Drugs.com natural database), English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/kudzu.html
MK glossary (ბროწეული)
KH lexicon (Punica granatum)
MK glossary (ბოლოკი)
KH lexicon (Raphanus sativus)
Rehmannia glutinosa (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehmannia_glutinosa
Oh H., Remophilanetriol: A New Eremophilane from the Roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, ChemInform 2006, doi:10.1002/chin.200602189
Reynoutria multiflora / Polygonum multiflorum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynoutria_multiflora
Fo-Ti / He Shou Wu (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548120), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548120/
Lamberti 1991 + karabadini refs (Kananeli 1940), in Mindadze, Masalebi 2020, N1
Ning et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41936838)
Gao et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42222156)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.127) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Rhodiola rosea — Wikipedia (cites NCCIH, EMA 2012, Panossian 2010), 2026
Rhodiola — NCCIH/NIH, 2016
Ishaque et al., BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:70 (PMC3541197)
KH lexicon (Ricinus communis)
MK cross-reference
MK (commentary §ვარდი)
KH lexicon
MK glossary (ასკილი)
KH lexicon (Rosa canina)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/dogros17.html (redirects to r/roses-18.html)
Rosa canina — Wikipedia (cited to peer-reviewed sources), 2025
Mármol et al., Int J Mol Sci 2017;18(6):1137 (PMC5485961)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/r/raspbe05.html
USDA FoodData Central (sorrel/dock)
food-composition references for Rumex acetosa
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/docks-15.html
USDA/food-composition data
ethnobotanical/foraging references for Rumex crispus
MK (commentary §ტირიფი)
KH lexicon (Salix)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Salix alba
Lamberti 1991 (orig. 17th c.), cited in Mindadze article, Masalebi Saqartvelos Etnografiisatvis 2020, N1
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.131) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Salvia miltiorrhiza (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_miltiorrhiza
Wu et al., Danshen preparations for acute myocardial infarction (Cochrane) 2008, PMC8406986
Chan TY, Interaction between warfarin and danshen, Ann Pharmacother 2001, PMID 11302416
EMA/HMPC Salviae officinalis folium monograph & public summary
NIH LactMed record for sage (galactifuge/weaning note)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sages-05.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.130) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Salvia officinalis
Sage — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2026
Lopresti AL, Drugs R&D 2017;17(1):53-64 (PMC5318325)
Thujone — Wikipedia, 2026
Zhao et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMC13082953)
EMA/HMPC Rosmarini folium / aetheroleum monograph & public summary
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/r/rosema17.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.128) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
EMA/HMPC Rosmarini folium
food-phytochemistry literature
MK glossary (ანწლი)
KH lexicon (Sambucus ebulus)
EMA/HMPC Sambuci flos monograph & public summary
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/e/elder-04.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.132) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Sambucus nigra
EMA/HMPC Sambuci flos (elder flower)
Piršelová 2025 cyanogenic-glycoside review (PMC12350405)
cooking-requirement public-health guidance
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Sanguinaria canadensis
Urumarudappa 2023, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37390875)
Zhang et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41067327)
Schisandra chinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schisandra_chinensis
Szopa, Ekiert & Ekiert, Schisandra chinensis... a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, Phytochem Rev 2017, PMC5378736
WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Scrophularia nodosa
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.133) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Scutellaria baicalensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria_baicalensis
LiverTox: Scutellaria (NCBI Bookshelf NBK548757), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548757/
Li & Chen, isolation of baicalein/wogonin/oroxylin A, J Chromatogr A 2005
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Scutellaria lateriflora
EMA/HMPC Sennae folium monograph & public summary
EMA HMPC public statement on hydroxyanthracene derivatives (safety/genotoxicity)
MK (commentary §სინამაქი)
KH lexicon (Cassia acutifolia)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.75) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Senna alexandrina
NCCIH Saw Palmetto fact sheet
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Serenoa repens
NCCIH Milk Thistle fact sheet (Fried 2012 JAMA, PMID 22797645; Navarro 2019 PLoS ONE, PMID 31536511; Soleimani 2019, PMID 31069872; Fenclova 2019, PMID 31366891)
NIH LiverTox Milk Thistle chapter
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.135) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Silybum marianum
NCCIH Milk Thistle fact sheet (Fried 2012 JAMA; Navarro 2019 PLoS ONE; Soleimani 2019; Fenclova 2019)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Smilax spp.
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/golrod26.html
Sorbus aucuparia — Wikipedia (cited to Pahlow, Aichele), 2025
Standard Western foraging/ethnobotany references (regional wild-food and herbal field guides)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/chickw60.html
Foraging/food-composition references for Stellaria media
general botanical floras
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/devils12.html (redirects to s/scadev31.html)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/comfre92.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Symphytum officinale
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.97) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Cross-reference to Calendula officinalis entry above
NCCIH Feverfew fact sheet
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/f/feverf10.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.140) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Tanacetum parthenium
EMA/HMPC Taraxaci officinalis radix (finalised EU herbal monograph)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/dandel08.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.141) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Taraxacum officinale
Li 2026 Food Sci Nutr dandelion review (PMC13254017)
EMA/HMPC Taraxaci officinalis radix
USDA FoodData Central (dandelion greens, raw)
MK (commentary §ურთხელი)
KH lexicon (Taxus baccata)
Kaur 2014, Cardiol Res Pract (PMID 24600529)
Dwivedi 2014, J Tradit Complement Med (PMID 25379463)
Kapoor 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 25014508)
Maulik 2012, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs (PMID 22583146)
Zhao et al. 2026, Oral Health Prev Dent (PMID 42205105)
Peterson 2017, J Altern Complement Med (PMID 28696777)
Ahmed 2021, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33465446)
Baliga 2012, Chin J Integr Med (PMID 23239004)
Gurjar 2025, Fitoterapia (PMID 40466870)
Xue et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41224084)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Thuja occidentalis
Thymus serpyllum — Wikipedia, 2026
Serpylli herba — EMA herbal medicine (Thymus serpyllum L., herba), EMA/HMPC (URL re-verify before publication)
EMA/HMPC Thymi herba monograph & public summary
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/t/thygar16.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.143) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Thymus vulgaris
EMA/HMPC Thymi herba
food-composition literature
Yates 2022, J Diet Suppl (PMID 33480818)
Nnamani 2023, Cureus (PMID 37273324)
Andrade 2023, J Hepatol (PMID 37164270)
Panneer Selvam 2023, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 36400639)
Food-composition data for Tragopogon porrifolius
foraging references
NCCIH/MedlinePlus red clover information
menopause isoflavone trial/review literature
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/clovrd75.html
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/f/fenugr07.html
Chehregosha 2025, Avicenna J Phytomed (PMID 41509111)
Neelakantan 2014, Nutr J (PMID 24438170)
Mansoori 2020, Phytother Res (PMID 32048383)
LactMed: Fenugreek, NICHD (PMID 30000838)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/coltsf88.html
Ethnobotanical/foraging literature on Typha
phytoremediation studies (bioaccumulation caveat)
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Ulmus rubra
EMA/HMPC Urticae folium (finalised EU herbal monograph)
EMA/HMPC Urticae radix monograph (root)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.146) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Urtica dioica
Bussmann et al., Unity in diversity — food plants and fungi of Sakartvelo, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021;17:72
Martkoplishvili & Kvavadze, Some popular medicinal plants and diseases of the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Georgia, J Ethnopharmacol 2015;166:42-52
Dujmović 2026 (PMC13206582)
Mavroeidis 2026 (PMC13210539)
EMA/HMPC Urticae folium
USDA FoodData Central (nettle)
Urticae folium — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2011 (addendum 2022)
EU herbal monograph on Urtica dioica L. / Urtica urens L., folium, EMA/HMPC, 2011
NCCIH Cranberry fact sheet (Cochrane review on UTI prevention)
EMA/HMPC Myrtilli fructus (bilberry fruit) monograph & public summary
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.149) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Myrtilli fructus recens — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2015
Final EU herbal monograph on Vaccinium myrtillus L., fructus recens (EMA/HMPC/375808/2014), 2015
EMA/HMPC Valerianae radix monograph & public summary
NCCIH Valerian fact sheet (Leach & Page 2015, PMID 25644982; Valente 2024 umbrella review, PMID 38359657; AASM Sateia 2017, PMID 27998379)
NIH LiverTox Valerian chapter
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/v/valeri01.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.148) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Valeriana officinalis
Valerian (herb) — Wikipedia (cites EMA, Commission E, meta-analyses), 2026
Valerianae radix — EMA herbal medicine, 2016
Final assessment report on Valeriana officinalis L., radix and aetheroleum (EMA/HMPC/150846/2015), 2016
KH lexicon (Veratrum lobelianum)
Standard Western ethnobotany/herbal references
small published trials of combination herbal ear drops (otitis) noting mullein as a component
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mulgre63.html
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Verbascum thapsus
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/v/vervai08.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.150) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Viburnum opulus
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Viburnum prunifolium
MK (commentary §ია)
KH lexicon (Viola odorata)
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.151) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Vitex agnus-castus
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.152) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Paul 2021, Biomed Pharmacother (PMID 34649336)
Cheah 2021, PLoS One (PMID 34559859)
Arumugam 2024, Explore (PMID 39348746)
Della Porta 2023, Nutrients (PMID 38140274)
Fatima 2024, Hum Psychopharmacol (PMID 39083548)
Wolfiporia extensa / Poria cocos (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfiporia_extensa
Poria cocos - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/poria-cocos
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.154) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
NCCIH Ginger fact sheet (Toth 2018 Phytomedicine, PMID 30466995; Hu 2022, PMID 31937153; Negi 2021, PMID 33842121)
EMA/HMPC Zingiberis rhizoma monograph
MK (commentary §ყვითელი კოვა)
KH lexicon (Zingiber officinale)
Grieve M., A Modern Herbal — botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/ginger13.html
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (book, p.155) — Andrew Chevallier, English, 2016
Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003) — materia medica, Zingiber officinale
NCCIH Ginger fact sheet (Tóth 2018 Phytomedicine; Hu 2022; Negi 2021)
Zingiber officinale (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger
Ginger (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger
Ginger (LactMed, NCBI Bookshelf NBK501772), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501772/
Tahergorabi et al., Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting With Zingiber officinale in Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews, Phytother Res 2026, PMID 42322087
Paudel et al., Pharmacological properties of ginger: what do meta-analyses say? A systematic review, Front Pharmacol 2025, PMC12343617
Li 2024, Int J Food Sci Nutr (PMID 38072785)
Viljoen 2014, Nutr J (PMID 24642205)
Tóth 2018, Phytomedicine (PMID 30466995)
Crichton 2019, J Acad Nutr Diet (PMID 31519467)
Ziziphus jujuba / Jujube (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphus_jujuba
Jiang et al., Comparison of the sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides extracted from Semen Ziziphus jujube, Nat Prod Res 2007, PMID 17479419
in Masalebi 2020, N1 (Mindadze/Nebieridze, citing Kashia 2010)
MK (recipe commentary, მარგიმუშკი (დარიშხანი) etc.)
Iadigar Daudi (Bagrationi 1985), quoted in Nebieridze, Masalebi 2020, N1
Fang et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41971083)
Wang et al. 2024, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37689329)
Pratima 2025, J Pharm Pharmacol (PMID 38642916)
Di Mauro 2024, Medicina (PMID 39336496)
Phyllanthus niruri metabolic parameters in kidney stone, Int Braz J Urol, 2018 (PMC6092661)
Acute toxicity studies of Phyllanthus niruri, PMC3274729, 2011
Asare 2025, Open Res Eur (PMID 41216486)
Patel 2025, Fitoterapia (PMID 40334820)
Dinesh Kumar 2026, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 42046059)
Olakkengil Shajan 2025, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 41465430)
Kumar 2024, ACS Omega (PMID 38882167)
Giri 2025, Glob Adv Integr Med Health (PMID 40626154)
Kamath 2023, EXCLI J (PMID 38234968)
Malik 2011, Pharm Biol (PMID 21846173)
Hannan 2022, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (PMID 36225186)
Narayana & Mukne 2025, Indian J Pharmacol (PMC12419574)
Patel 2015, Front Pharmacol (PMID 25750624)
Cartus 2015, Chem Res Toxicol (PMID 26273788)
Desai et al. 2025, Toxics (PMC12737251)
Chellian 2017, Phytomedicine (PMID 28732807)
Shoaib 2022, Cell Mol Biol (PMID 35809281)
Claeson 2000, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 10967448)
Bharath 2023, Molecules (PMID 37110723)
Momin 2014, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed (PMID 24144125)
Jimenez-Ferrer 2025, Plants (Basel) (PMID 41095255)
Iqbal et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41601970)
Shah 2025, Biotechnol Rep (PMID 40027104)
Sharma 2015, Ayu (PMID 26730138)
Chavan Bhagwan et al. 2024, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 38552438)
Saeed 2024, Heliyon (PMID 38375303)
[E41] Tribulus terrestris phytochemical/pharmacological/toxicological comprehensive review
Shadin 2026, PLoS One (PMID 42213651)
Adhikari et al. 2019, Medicines (Basel) (PMID 31234605)
Singh 2025, J Med Case Rep (PMID 41272908)
Raghuvanshi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 33504029)
Awari 2024, Foods (PMID 39272566)
Acharya 2016, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 26851499)
[E32] Cyperi Rhizoma ethnomedicine/phytochemistry/pharmacology systematic review (Front. Pharmacol.)
Kamala 2018, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 26297840)
Peerzada 2023, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37359712)
Verma 2013, Malar J (PMID 23758861)
Sinha 2020, PMC review (PMC7565871)
Li 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42093889)
Van Anh 2025, Pharmaceuticals (PMID 41304898)
Vetrichelvan 2013, Indian J Pharm Sci (PMID 23661870)
He 2017, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 28347832)
Bafna 2017, Anc Sci Life / J Ayurveda (PMID 28827957)
Semwal 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33485976)
Dharmasiri 2003, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 12860308)
Patle 2021, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33516930)
Nandy 2012, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 22887725)
George 2020, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 32007632)
Li et al. 2018, Front Pharmacol (PMID 29441019)
Chi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 34834747)
Kumar 2022, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 36113678)
Yang et al. 2025, Cells (PMID 40801607)
Schoendorfer 2018, BMC Complement Altern Med (Urox RCT) (PMC5793427)
Vidya 2004, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 15339033)
Varuna urolithic study 2011, Anc Sci Life (PMID 22131740)
Shalom 2025, Molecules (PMID 40871489)
Sharma 2015, Ayu (comparative insomnia study) (PMID 26730138)
Halder 2025, Sci Rep (PMID 41083705)
Maaroufi 2021, antifungal study (PMID 34656507)
Khan 2020, anticandidal study (PMID 32233667)
Sunil 2022, Foods/Plants review (PMID 36432824)
Stohs 2015, Phytother Res (PMID 25802170)
Lekha 2022, J Complement Integr Med / review (PMID 35199395)
Godkar 2022, neuroprotective review (PMID 35005853)
Nalini 1995, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 7500635)
Solanaceae phytochemical review 2024 (PMID 38475570)
Lin 2008, J Ethnopharmacol (CCl4 hepatoprotection) (PMID 18045581)
Jain 2011, therapeutic-properties review (PMID 21438649)
Frontiers Pharmacol. 2021
Kindscher (Springer 2016)
HerbalGram review
Wikipedia
PMC7399899 (Prunus phytochemistry)
Wildflower.org (PRSE2)
Drugs.com NPP
HerbalReality
Avula/Khan et al., Phytochemistry 2018 (PubMed 29968391)
PMC9458016 (phytochem/pharmacology)
NIH LiverTox NBK548355
Drugs.com NPP
Wikipedia (Mahonia aquifolium)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS plant data
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS plant guides
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
United Plant Savers
USDA Plant Guide (PAQU)
Wikipedia (American ginseng)
CITES Appendix II
Rao & Hoffman, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002 (PubMed 12136970)
Dugoua et al. 2008 (PubMed 18204101)
Wikipedia (Monarda fistulosa)
Herbal Academy
EthnoPharm
USDA NRCS (Rhus glabra)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Juniperus virginiana)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Symphoricarpos albus)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Apocynum cannabinum)
Ethnobiology Letters 'Skookum Root'
PMC9093517 (Veratrum viride toxicology)
PubMed 2362117 (poisoning case)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Aralia racemosa / nudicaulis)
USDA NRCS (Zanthoxylum americanum)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
ACEP Now toxicology (oil of wintergreen)
Wikipedia
PMC10778675 (phytochem/ethnobotany review)
willow bark clinical reviews
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Salix)
beta-asarone reviews
USDA NRCS (Acorus americanus)
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
USDA NRCS (Populus balsamifera)
Koul et al. 2020, Molecules (PMC7730924)
Pandey et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMC11743450)
EMA/HMPC Tormentillae rhizoma monograph
Kostenko et al. 2025, tannin-phytotherapy review (PMC12415002)
Kostenko et al. 2025 (PMC12415002)
Gonzalez Carretero et al. 2026, PLoS One (PMC12959656)
anthranoid-laxative pharmacology (general HMPC class assessment)
EMA/HMPC Frangulae cortex monograph
Gonzalez Carretero et al. 2026, PLoS One (PMC12959656)
Uogintaite et al. 2025, Medicina (PMC12654776)
Lasinskas et al. 2026, Plants (PMC13075012)
EMA/HMPC Pini aetheroleum monograph
Olas et al. 2024, Pharmaceuticals (PMC11054606)
Bolatkyzy et al. 2025, Molecules (medicinal-plants-for-skin-disorders review)
general Galium phytochemistry/coumarin literature; Slavic folk-plant context
Vaccinium vitis-idaea pharmacopoeial/folk literature
EMA/HMPC Uvae ursi folium (arbutin-herb safety analogue)
cranberry-UTI clinical literature (Cochrane/meta-analyses)
warfarin-interaction case reports
Russian pharmacopoeial 'Flamin'/Helichrysum choleretic literature; flavonoid-choleretic phytochemistry
EMA/HMPC Centaurii herba monograph
Witkowska et al. 2024 (PMC11085323)
Ershad & Khalid, StatPearls (NBK536963)
Ledum/Rhododendron tomentosum essential-oil (ledol) toxicology and grayanotoxin/'mad honey' literature
Cat's Claw — LiverTox, NIH/NIDDK (NBK548323), 2019
Gonzales GF, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012
Maca — LiverTox, NIH/NIDDK (NBK548552), 2019
Croton lechleri — MSKCC About Herbs, 2019
Subchronic 4-month oral toxicity study, Food Chem Toxicol, 2005
Nutrients (MDPI), 2016
Theobroma cacao L., Pharmacological Research, 2009
EFSA Scientific Opinion — cocoa flavanols, 2012
Papaya consumption is unsafe in pregnancy — rat model, Br J Nutr, 2002
Carica papaya L. Leaf systematic scoping review, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2021
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2025
Steviol Glycosides updated overview, Molecules (MDPI), 2023
Mate Drinking and Esophageal SCC (pooled case-control), Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014
Yerba Mate antioxidant compounds, PMC8868397, 2022
Paullinia cupana Kunth review, J Ethnopharmacol, 2015
Guarana — LiverTox (NBK589113), NIH/NIDDK
Red Lapacho ethnopharmacological commodity, J Ethnopharmacol, 2009
Tabebuia impetiginosa review, Molecules (MDPI), 2020
Anticancer potential and toxicity of genus Handroanthus, Toxicon, 2022
Effect of Maytenus ilicifolia on pregnant mice, Contraception, 2001
Maytenus ilicifolia antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory/antiulcerogenic, J Ethnopharmacol, 2004
Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata pharmacological tool, J Pharm Pharmacol, 2010
Biological Activities of Mikania scoping review, PMC12030693, 2025
Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities of Bixa orellana, Vilar et al., 2014 (PMC4094728)
The herbal pharmacopoeia of Ecuador, Front Pharmacol, 2025 (PMC12611923)
Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis, Toxicology Reports, 2019 (PMC6942890)
Neuropharmacological Properties of Lippia alba, Pharmaceuticals (MDPI), 2025
Anxiolytic effects of Lippia alba EO and (R)-(-)-carvone, Braz J Med Biol Res / SciELO, 2012
A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2018
Baccharis trimera (Carqueja) in Type 1 Diabetes, PMC6304562, 2018
Horsetail, Drugs.com Natural Products monograph
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Equisetum (Kidney Diseases), PMC7954623, 2021
Safety and Effectiveness of Copaiba Oleoresin on Oral Wounds in Rats, PMC7278981, 2020
Jiang et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 39749198)
Anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect of Copaiba systematic review, PMC8873535, 2022
Trends in chemical and pharmacological research on Calophyllum brasiliense and C. inophyllum, PMC7089286, 2020
Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity and cytotoxicity of Calophyllum brasiliense, PMC4131784, 2014
Arrhythmogenic cardiotoxicity of quinoline antimalarial drugs, 2018 (PMC6220451)
A Ten-Year Review on Ethnopharmacology of Antimalarial Plants, Front Pharmacol, 2021 (PMC8493299)
The Fever Tree, 2018 (PMC6316520)
The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic review, 2020 (PMC7678905)
The mitogenomic landscape of Banisteriopsis caapi, 2024 (PMC11234496)
The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic review, 2020 (PMC7678905)
Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review, 2019 (PMC6963515)
The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics, 2021 (PMC7744036)
Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition, 2016 (PMC4838786)
Indigenous-Amazonian Traditional Medicine's Usage of the Tobacco Plant: A Mixed-Methods Case Study, Plants (MDPI), 2023 (PMC9863029)
Jergon sacha — Dracontium (Tropical Plant Database), Raintree — compiled folk source
Efecto neutralizador del extracto acuoso de Dracontium loretense sobre veneno de Bothrops atrox, Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica, 2006
[E1] berberine cardiovascular review
[E2] Phellodendri Cortex ethnopharmacology review
[E3] Cortex Moutan systematic review (origins, phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety)
[E4] J. Ethnopharmacol Chuanxiong rhizome review (2025)
[E5] Ligusticum chuanxiong chemical/pharmacological/clinical review
[E6] Liuwei Dihuang systematic review/meta-analysis & network pharmacology (contains Corni Fructus)
[E8] Epimedium folium traditional-uses review (2024)
[E7] J. Ethnopharmacol genus Epimedium ethnopharmacological & phytochemical review (Ma et al.)
[E9] Herba Cistanche (Rou Cong-Rong) phytochemistry & pharmacology review (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E11] rhynchophylline antihypertensive/neuroprotective study
[E10] Uncaria rhynchophylla CNS pharmacology review
[E12] Magnolia officinalis (Hou Po) bark Nrf2/oxidative-stress study + honokiol/magnolol pharmacology
[E13] Magnoliae Flos / xin yi pharmacology (shared neolignan/volatile-oil literature; rhinitis formulas)
[E15] aristolochic acids nephrotoxicity/carcinogenicity systematic overview
[E14] Asarum heterotropoides aristolochic-acid quantitation & toxicity (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E16] Pinellia ternata comprehensive ethnopharmacology/toxicology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E17] review of processing methods to reduce Pinellia toxicity
[E18] Anemarrhena asphodeloides botany/pharmacology/toxicology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E19] timosaponin AIII pharmacology/toxicity review
[E20] Long-Dan Chinese Pharmacopoeia review
[E21] genus Gentiana phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E22] Saposhnikovia divaricata ethnopharmacological/phytochemical/pharmacological review
[E23] Notopterygium incisum ethnopharmacology/phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E24] Angelica dahurica traditional uses/phytochemistry/pharmacology review
[E26] Phase I safety/PK trial of standardized A. lancea extract
[E25] Atractylodes lancea / cholangiocarcinoma R&D review
[E27] Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide components & pharmacology review
[E28] Polygalae Radix metabolites/pharmacology/toxicology review (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E29] Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma chemical/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/toxicity review (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E30] Schizonepeta tenuifolia chemistry/pharmacology/clinical review
[E31] Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi) botany/ethnopharmacology/phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E33] Zanthoxylum bungeanum pharma-food phytochemistry/health-function systematic review
[E34] matrine pharmacology/PK/toxicity review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
[E35] matrine liver-injury systematic review/meta-analysis
[E36] Prunus persica / Persicae Semen pharmacology & bioactive-compound review
[E37] Stephania tetrandra vs nephrotoxic Aristolochia fangchi differentiation study
[E38] Aristolochia fangchi nephropathy/urothelial carcinoma clinical report (Nortier/Vanherweghem lineage)
[E40] dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity / CYP3A4 mechanism study
[E39] Dictamnus dasycarpus traditional uses/phytochemistry/pharmacology/toxicology review
[E42] Lithospermum erythrorhizon / shikonin mechanism-of-action review (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E43] Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide intestinal-barrier review (Front. Pharmacol.)
[E44] natural vs processed P. sibiricum bioactive-components review
Yang et al. 2024, Phytomedicine (PMID 38852474)
Zou et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 39399469)
Wang et al. 2022, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 35505340)
Welzel et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42158943)
Chen et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41158126)
Elnour & Abdurahman 2024, Heliyon (PMID 39323795)
Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
Yun et al. 2019, Comb Chem High Throughput Screen (PMID 31692440)
Dong et al. 2024, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 39408937)
Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
Chi et al. 2021, Gentianeae in Tibetan medicine review (PMID 34834747)
Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
Liu et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 38455959)
Chi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 34834747)
Weremczuk-Jezyna & Grzegorczyk-Karolak 2025, Molecules (PMID 40363822)
Guo et al. 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 35370722)
Yang et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (Isoalantolactone review) (PMID 39376605)
Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
Bai et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40918514)
Hao et al. 2025, Pharmaceuticals (Basel) (PMID 41599653)
Xinyu et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42244863)
Lei et al. 2018, 3 Biotech (PMID 29556433)
Lei et al. 2020, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 31775597)
Staub, Geck & Weckerle 2011, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 22165897)
Chaudhary et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41168804)
Hao et al. 2025, Pharmaceuticals (Basel) (PMID 41599653)
Adhikari et al. 2019, Medicines (Basel) (PMID 31234605)
Chaudhary et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41168804)
Fu et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41153016)
Chaudhary et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41168804)
Fu et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41153016)
Fu et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41153016)
A Review on the Phytochemical Composition and Potential Medicinal Uses of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Root
A combination of Tropaeolum majus herb and Armoracia rusticana root for the treatment of acute bronchitis (ScienceDirect, 2023)
Actinidia spp. (Kiwifruit): A Comprehensive Review of Its Nutraceutical Potential (Food Frontiers, 2025)
Adonis rose drug monograph — Arzneipflanzenlexikon (EN, transl. from DE)
Adonis vernalis — Wikipedia (EN)
Anagallis arvensis — Useful Temperate Plants (EN)
Antibacterial effects of vanilla ingredients — recent literature review (2022)
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Capparis spinosa L. fractions and Quercetin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced acute liver damage in mice (2018)
Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity of Pulmonaria officinalis Ethanolic Extract (PMC)
Assessment of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) Extracts … Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, In Vivo Toxicity (PMC)
Betony, Wood — A Modern Herbal (Grieve) (EN)
Bioactive Ingredients with Health-Promoting Properties of Strawberry Fruit (Molecules/MDPI, 2023)
Broccoli: A Multi-Faceted Vegetable for Health (2023)
Butterbur - StatPearls (NBK537160, NIH/NCBI)
CRS: Cannabis & the Controlled Substances Act (US CRS)
CRS: Kratom Regulation - Federal Status (US CRS)
Caper (Capparis spinosa L.): An Updated Review on Phytochemistry, Nutritional Value, Traditional Uses, and Therapeutic Potential (Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022)
Centaurea benedicta nutrients/bioactives review (PMC11677765)
Characterization of phenolic compounds and antinociceptive activity of Sempervivum tectorum L. leaf juice
Chemical Composition, Diuretic, and Antityrosinase Activity of Romanian Cerasorum stipites (cherry stalks) (2021)
Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology of Khat (PMC3905534)
Cochlearia officinalis Scurvy Grass, Spoonwort — Plants For A Future (EN)
Cochlearia officinalis, Common Scurvy-grass — First Nature (EN)
Cochlearia — Wikipedia (EN)
Cola acuminata phytochemistry/pharmacology/safety chapter (Springer)
Comparative Metabolic Study of Tamarindus indica L.'s Various Organs (GC/MS, 2023)
Comparison of Phenolic Metabolites … Herniaria L. Species … Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro (PMC)
Comprehensive review of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): Nutritional significance, health benefits, food applications (Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2025)
Contact Allergy Induced by Mango (Mangifera indica): A Relevant Topic? (Medicina/MDPI, 2021)
Coumarins of Lovage Roots (Levisticum officinale): LC-MS Profile, Quantification, and Stability (PMC, 2023)
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry (Biomedical Research and Therapy)
Cumin Extract for Symptom Control in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Case Series (2014)
Current Insights into the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Ruscus aculeatus (PMC)
Cyanogenic Glucosides in Almond and Sweet Cherry (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017)
Devil's Claw bibliographic review (MDPI Pharmaceuticals, 2021)
Dietary oxalate and kidney stone formation (2019)
Diuretic effect of powdered Cerasus avium (cherry) tails on healthy volunteers
EFSA Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (EFSA, 2015)
EFSA news: safe caffeine intakes (EFSA)
EFSA scientific opinion on green tea catechins (EFSA, 2018)
EMA - Agropyri repentis rhizoma (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - Anisi fructus (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - Community herbal monograph on Orthosiphon stamineus, folium (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - Psyllii semen (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - Psyllium seed: summary for the public (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - draft/assessment report on Fumaria officinalis L., herba (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - final assessment report on Cynara cardunculus L. (syn. Cynara scolymus L.), folium (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - final assessment report on Eschscholzia californica Cham., herba (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - final assessment report on Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., herba (EMA/HMPC)
EMA - final assessment report on Ruscus aculeatus L., rhizoma (Revision 1) (EMA/HMPC)