წყაროები

სხვა წყაროები

• Masalebi Saqartvelos Etnografiisatvis, 2020, N12020
• Chevallier A., Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine (2016)Andrew Chevallier, 2016
• Karabadini (Khelaia ed., 2009)Nani Khelaia (ed.), 2009
• Hoffmann D., Medical Herbalism (2003)David Hoffmann, 2003
• Mtsire Karabadini, Part II (Surmanidze, 1990)Ramaz Surmanidze, 1990
• Grieve M., A Modern Herbal (1931)Maud Grieve, 1931
• Chan TY, Aconite poisoning, Clin Toxicol 2009, PMID 19514874
• Lin, Chan & Deng, Clinical features and management of herb-induced aconitine poisoning, Ann Emerg Med 2004, PMID 15111916
• Ma et al. 2015, Toxins (Basel) (PMID 25594733, PMC4303819)
• Yang et al. 2016, chemical compounds of Tibetan Aconitum (PMID 28868849)
• NCCIH Black Cohosh fact sheet
• NIH LiverTox Black Cohosh chapter
• Sharma 2022, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 36142805)
• Venthodika 2021, Phytother Res (PMID 33159390)
• Manandhar 2018, J Integr Med (PMID 29709412)
• Maity 2009, Indian J Exp Biol (PMID 20099458)
• Foraging/ethnobotanical references
• brassica glucosinolate food-composition literature
• NCCIH Garlic fact sheet (Ried 2013 Nutr Rev, PMID 23590705; Sun 2018, PMID 29718835; Shabani 2019, PMID 30049636; Hitl 2021, PMID 33571752)
• Bussmann et al., Unity in diversity — food plants of Sakartvelo, 2021
• M-Hamvas 2025 Plants (Basel) histological separation of A. ursinum vs Convallaria/Colchicum (PMC12348878)
• Ivanović 2022 Metabolites metabolomic adulterant detection in A. ursinum (PMC9501555)
• NCCIH Aloe Vera fact sheet
• NIH LiverTox Aloe Vera chapter
• EMA/HMPC Aloe (Barbados/Cape) and HMPC hydroxyanthracene-derivative public statement
• EMA/HMPC Althaeae radix monograph & public summary
• USDA FoodData Central (amaranth leaves; amaranth grain)
• food-composition reviews of Amaranthus
• Hu 2017, PLoS One (PMID 28783743)
• Worakunphanich 2021, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (PMID 33372366)
• Shang 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 35153776)
• Hossain 2021, Life (Basel) (PMID 33923529)
• Angelica sinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_sinensis
• Dong Quai (MedlinePlus/NIH), English, 2024, https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/936.html
• Page & Lawrence, Potentiation of Warfarin by Dong Quai, Pharmacotherapy 1999, PMID 10417036
• Ren et al., Pharmacological action of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides: a review, Front Pharmacol 2025, PMC11770047
• Ma et al. 2015, Toxins (Basel) (PMID 25594733)
• Standard Western/East Asian ethnobotany and herbal references
• published case reports of anticholinergic poisoning from adulterated burdock-root tea (toxicology literature)
• Yang 2025 Front Pharmacol (PMC12531496)
• Chen 2024 fermented-root study (PMC11551023)
• USDA FoodData Central (burdock root, cooked)
• Dong et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41064454)
• USDA FoodData Central (asparagus)
• food-composition references
• foraging guides
• Kurmi 2026, Chem Biodivers (PMID 41370308)
• Forinash 2012, Ann Pharmacother (PMID 23012383)
• Astragalus mongholicus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_propinquus
• Block & Mead, Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review, Integr Cancer Ther 2003, PMID 15035888
• Rios & Waterman, A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus, Phytother Res 1997
• Atractylodes macrocephala (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractylodes_macrocephala
• Zhu et al., The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.: A review, J Ethnopharmacol 2018, PMID 30130541
• Patil 2022, J Pharm Pharmacol (PMID 34562010)
• Braga 2021, Molecules (PMID 33419112)
• Sinniah 1981, Lancet (PMID 6110100)
• Lai 1990, Singapore Med J (PMID 2259944)
• Mishra 2013, Indian J Crit Care Med (PMID 24339648)
• Kongkeaw 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 24252493)
• Lopresti 2025, Clin Drug Investig (PMID 41091332)
• Fatima 2022, Front Nutr (PMID 36061899)
• LiverTox: Bacopa monnieri, NIDDK 2024 (PMID 38718157)
• Piršelová & Jakubčinová 2025 Front Plant Sci cyanogenic-glycoside review (PMC12350405)
• Das & Tamang 2026 Sci Rep taxiphyllin-degradation study (PMC13125572)
• Lachowicz 2024 Biomolecules cyanide/cyanogenic toxicity review (PMC11591714)
• Food-composition data for Beta vulgaris leaves (chard/sea beet)
• coastal foraging references
• EMA/HMPC Betulae folium monograph & public summary
• Betulae folium (Birch Leaf) — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2015
• Final EU herbal monograph on Betula pendula Roth; Betula pubescens Ehrh., folium (EMA/HMPC/573241/2014), 2015
• Yu 2020, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 32680575)
• Bannuru 2018, Semin Arthritis Rheum (PMID 29622343)
• Dalmonte 2024, Phytother Res (PMID 39314013)
• Abdel-Tawab 2011, Clin Pharmacokinet (PMID 21553931)
• Bupleurum chinense (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupleurum_chinense
• Liu et al., Herbal medicines for fatty liver diseases (Cochrane) 2013, PMID 23975682
• Abe et al., Protective effect of saikosaponin-d on CCl4-induced liver injury, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1982, PMID 7133157
• EMA/HMPC Calendulae flos monograph & public summary
• Calendulae flos — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2018
• EU herbal monograph on Calendula officinalis L., flos (Rev.1), EMA/HMPC, 2018
• EMA/HMPC Capsici fructus monograph & public summary
• NCCIH/MedlinePlus capsaicin information
• Cochrane topical-capsaicin neuropathic-pain reviews
• Wright 2022, Antioxidants (PMID 35204098)
• Wattanathorn 2008, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 18191355)
• Bandopadhyay 2023, J Cell Mol Med (PMID 36756687)
• Gohil 2010, Indian J Pharm Sci (PMID 21694984)
• Chelidonium majus — Wikipedia (cites EMA, Pantano 2017, LiverTox), 2025
• Greater Celandine — LiverTox / NIDDK (NBK548684, PMID 31643995)
• Final assessment report on Chelidonium majus L., herba — EMA/HMPC, 2011
• USDA FoodData Central (lambsquarters, cooked)
• food-composition reviews of Chenopodium album
• Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026 (cites Shennong Bencao Jing and Bencao Gangmu), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium
• Zhao et al. 2022, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 35093455)
• EMA/HMPC and food-composition literature on Cichorium intybus inulin
• USDA FoodData Central (chicory greens; chicory root)
• Cinnamomum cassia (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia
• Zhang et al., Cinnamomum cassia Presl: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Molecules 2019, PMC6804248
• Hajimonfarednejad et al., Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events, Clin Nutr 2018/2019, PMID 29661513
• EFSA/food-safety coumarin assessments for cassia cinnamon
• clinical meta-analyses of cinnamon and glycaemic control
• Codonopsis pilosula (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codonopsis_pilosula
• Dang Shen / Codonopsis - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/codonopsis.html
• Ulbricht 2005, Complement Ther Med (PMID 16338199)
• Urizar 2003, Annu Rev Nutr (PMID 12626688)
• Shah 2012, Phytother Res (PMID 22388973)
• Shishodia 2008, Anticancer Res (PMID 19189646)
• Coptis chinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis_chinensis
• Wu et al., Coptisine from Coptis chinensis exerts diverse beneficial properties: A concise review, J Cell Mol Med 2019, PMC6850926
• USDA FoodData Central (coriander leaf; coriander seed)
• Apiaceae-misidentification literature
• Dinda et al., Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:670-690 (PMID 27705748)
• Demir & Kalyoncu, Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry, J Food Eng 2003;60:335-341
• Cao et al. 2025, Med Sci Monit (PMID 40556304)
• Wu et al. 2026, Ecol Evol (PMID 41358347)
• EMA/HMPC Crataegi folium cum flore monograph & public summary
• Szikora 2025 hawthorn-BP meta-analysis (PMID 40732315, DOI 10.3390/ph18071027)
• Zeng 2024 hawthorn fruit RCT (PMID 39583031, DOI 10.1177/15593258241303136)
• Hawthorn — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2025
• Pittler MH et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD005312 (PMID 18254076)
• Crataegus pinnatifida (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_pinnatifida
• Hawthorn (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/hawthorn
• Naraki et al. 2025, Iran J Basic Med Sci (PMID 40584445)
• Garang et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40963683)
• NCCIH Turmeric fact sheet (Feng 2022 BMC, PMID 36261810; Zeng 2022 Front Immunol, PMID 35935936; Halegoua-DeMarzio 2023, PMID 36252717)
• NIH LiverTox Turmeric chapter (NBK548561)
• Curcuma longa / Turmeric (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric
• Turmeric (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric
• Turmeric (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548561), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548561/
• Wang et al., Turmeric: A Comprehensive Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Mechanisms as a Functional Food, Nutrients 2026, PMC13118882
• Zeng 2022, Front Immunol (PMID 35935936)
• Zeng 2021, Biosci Rep (PMID 34017975)
• Gupta 2013, AAPS J (PMID 23143785)
• Soleimani 2018, Phytother Res (PMID 29480523)
• EMA/HMPC Cynarae folium (artichoke leaf) monograph & public summary
• Dioscorea polystachya / Chinese yam (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya
• Flora of China / Flora of North America treatments (efloras.org)
• American Cancer Society note on wild yam claims (re D. villosa)
• EMA/HMPC Echinaceae purpureae herba monograph & public summary
• NCCIH Echinacea fact sheet (David & Cunningham 2019 meta-analysis, PMID 31126553; Anheyer 2018, PMID 28610802)
• Eleutherococci radix — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2014/2016
• Community herbal monograph on Eleutherococcus senticosus, radix (EMA/HMPC/680618/2013), 2014
• Eleutherococcus senticosus — Wikipedia (cites WHO Monographs vol. 2), 2026
• Liang CJW et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025;18(8):1208 (PMID 40872598; PMC12389708)
• Kos G et al., Molecules 2025;30(12):2512 (PMID 40572479; PMC12195798)
• Ephedra sinica (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_sinica
• Ephedra (NCCIH/NIH), English, 2024, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra
• Ephedra (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548711), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548711/
• Eucommia ulmoides (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucommia_ulmoides
• Eucommia / Du Zhong - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/eucommia.html
• EMA/HMPC Foeniculi amari fructus (bitter fennel fruit) monograph & public summary
• EMA public statement on estragole/methyleugenol
• NIH LactMed record for fennel
• EMA/HMPC Foeniculi amari fructus (bitter fennel fruit)
• NCCIH/food-composition data
• USDA FoodData Central (fennel bulb; fennel seed)
• Forsythia suspensa (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsythia_suspensa
• Forsythia - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/forsythia.html
• Standard Western foraging/ethnobotany and herbal references
• no EMA/NCCIH monograph (folk status noted honestly)
• Ganoderma lucidum / Lingzhi mushroom (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom
• Reishi Mushroom (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548292), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548292/
• Jafari et al., The Nutritional Significance of Ganoderma lucidum on Human Health: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Food Sci Nutr 2025, PMC12160064
• Ren et al., A Review of Bioactive Components and Pharmacological Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Food Sci Nutr 2025, PMC12256279
• Pozzobon et al., Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenes, Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2026, PMC12845357
• Gastrodia elata (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrodia_elata
• Gastrodia - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/gastrodia
• Li et al. 2023, Front Pharmacol (PMID 38161696)
• Peng et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40799828)
• NCCIH Ginkgo fact sheet (DeKosky 2008 GEM trial, JAMA, PMID 19017911; Liao 2020, PMID 32658034; Liu 2022 J Ethnopharmacol, PMID 35988840)
• EMA/HMPC Liquiritiae radix monograph & public summary
• EFSA/EU and national food-safety guidance on glycyrrhizin intake limits
• Licorice Root: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
• Geijerstam et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2024 (PMID 38246526)
• Penninkilampi et al., J Hum Hypertens 2017 (PMID 28660884)
• Nazari 2017, Phytother Res (PMID 28833680)
• Ceccuzzi 2023, Nutrients (PMID 37764649)
• van Uum 2005, Neth J Med (PMID 15869038)
• Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhiza_uralensis
• Licorice Root (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root
• Omar et al., Licorice abuse: time to send a warning message, Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012, PMC3498851
• Khan 2019, Front Pharmacol (PMID 31736747)
• Patel 2012, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed (PMID 23569923)
• Ota 2017, Front Pharmacol (PMID 28729836)
• Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynostemma_pentaphyllum
• Jiaogulan / Gynostemma - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/gynostemma.html
• EMA/HMPC Hamamelidis folium / cortex / aqua monograph & public summary
• USDA FoodData Central (Jerusalem artichoke, raw)
• inulin/prebiotic food-composition literature
• Hippophae rhamnoides — Wikipedia (cites Bal 2011; Andersson 2009), 2026
• Liu et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41868122)
• Houttuynia cordata (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata
• Houttuynia - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/houttuynia.html
• Wu et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41997439)
• NCCIH St. John's Wort fact sheet (Nicolussi 2020 BJP, PMID 31742659; Apaydin 2016, PMID 27589952; Ng 2017, PMID 28064110; Zhao 2023, PMID 36226689)
• NIH LactMed record for St. John's Wort
• Established clinical pharmacology consensus (CYP3A4/P-gp induction; St John's wort-oral contraceptive and -ciclosporin interactions)
• St. John's Wort: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
• Apaydin et al., Syst Rev 2016;5:148 (PMID 27589952)
• Nicolussi et al., Br J Pharmacol 2020;177(6):1212-1226 (PMID 31742659)
• Inula helenium — Wikipedia (cited to van Wyk & Wink 2004; EB 1911), 2025
• EMA/HMPC Lavandulae flos / Lavandulae aetheroleum monograph & public summary
• Manzoor 2025 anxiolytic clinical review (PMID 40994458, DOI 10.1002/fsn3.70993)
• Nechepurenko 2026 Lavandula pharmacology review (PMID 42248216, DOI 10.1080/13880209.2026.2679806)
• Leonurus cardiaca — Wikipedia, 2026
• Cheng F et al., Pharmacol Res 2020;155:104755 (PMID 32173585)
• Kuchta K et al., Pharmazie 2013;68(7):534-40 (PMID 23923634)
• EMA/HMPC Lini semen monograph & public summary
• Lonicera japonica (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_japonica
• Shang et al., Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology, J Ethnopharmacol 2011, PMC7127058
• Lycium barbarum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycium_barbarum
• Potterat O., Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety, Planta Medica 2010, doi:10.1055/s-0029-1186218
• EMA/HMPC Althaeae radix (marshmallow root, same mucilage class)
• ethnobotanical food references for Malva sylvestris
• EMA/HMPC Matricariae flos monograph & public summary
• NIH LactMed record for German chamomile
• Matricariae flos — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2016
• EU herbal monograph on Matricaria recutita L., flos, EMA/HMPC, 2016
• Public-health/foodborne-illness guidance on ostrich-fern fiddleheads (cooking requirement)
• literature on bracken/ptaquiloside carcinogenicity
• Chen et al. 2026, Curr Issues Mol Biol (PMID 41751439)
• EMA/HMPC Melissae folium monograph & public summary
• Priya 2025 rosmarinic acid review (PMID 40134762, DOI 10.2147/ndt.s501597)
• Mentha canadensis / haplocalyx (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_canadensis
• Peppermint Oil (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil
• Voigt, Franke & Lachenmeier, Risk Assessment of Pulegone in Foods, Foods 2024;13:2906 (PMID 39335834)
• EMA/HMPC Menthae piperitae aetheroleum monograph & public summary
• Linas 2026 Menthacarin phase IV trial (PMID 41405807, DOI 10.1007/s10354-025-01119-2)
• Pastras 2026 plant-derived IBS treatments review (PMID 41599795, DOI 10.3390/nu18020183)
• EMA/HMPC Menthae piperitae aetheroleum (peppermint oil)
• NCCIH peppermint information
• Peppermint Oil: Usefulness and Safety — NCCIH/NIH, 2025
• Ingrosso MR et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;56(6):932-941 (PMID 35942669)
• Lacy BE et al., Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(1):17-44 (PMID 33315591)
• Sianipar 2026 Drug Des Devel Ther moringa human-studies review (PMC12912182)
• food-composition data for Moringa oleifera leaves
• Morus alba (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba
• Mulberry / Morus - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/mulberry.html
• Hammoud 2025, Parkinsons Dis (PMID 40860042)
• Rai 2020, 3 Biotech (PMID 33194526)
• Cilia 2026, J Parkinsons Dis (PMID 42053204)
• Caronni 2024, Parkinsonism Relat Disord (PMID 38797572)
• Makowska-Wąs et al. 2026, Life (Basel) 16(5):832 (PMID 42195387, PMC13208939)
• WHO foodborne trematodiases / fascioliasis fact sheet
• USDA FoodData Central (watercress, raw)
• Nelumbo nucifera (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
• Lotus / Nelumbo - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/lotus.html
• Arya 2024, Plants (Basel) (PMID 39771214)
• NCCIH/Cochrane evening primrose (atopic eczema) evidence
• MedlinePlus evening primrose oil information
• NCCIH evening primrose oil information
• ethnobotanical food references for Oenothera biennis
• Ophiopogon japonicus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiopogon_japonicus
• Ophiopogon - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ophiopogon
• Food-phytochemistry/antioxidant literature on Origanum vulgare carvacrol
• culinary-herb composition references
• Origanum vulgare — Wikipedia, 2026
• Oregano — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2016
• Dragland S et al., J Nutr 2003;133(5):1286-90 (PMID 12730411)
• Paeonia lactiflora (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_lactiflora
• Yan et al., Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein-inducing compound, Cell Stress Chaperones 2004, PMC1065277
• Panax ginseng (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_ginseng
• Asian Ginseng (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asianginseng/ataglance.htm
• Ginseng (LactMed, NCBI Bookshelf NBK501814), English, 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501814/
• de Oliveira Zanuso et al., Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: A systematic review, Exp Gerontol 2022, PMID 35143871
• Perilla frutescens (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens
• Perilla - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/perilla.html
• USDA FoodData Central (parsley, raw)
• EMA/toxicology notes on parsley seed apiole
• Wang et al. 2025, Front Plant Sci (PMID 40530282)
• Yu et al. 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 36267280)
• Setayesh 2023, Diabetes Metab Syndr (PMID 36934568)
• Hashem-Dabaghian 2018, J Cardiovasc Thorac Res (PMID 30386531)
• Thilakchand 2013, Food Funct (PMID 23978895)
• Lewis et al. 2026, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 42172813)
• Well-documented Phytolacca poisoning toxicology consensus
• Almeleebia 2022, Molecules (PMID 36500409)
• Mehta 2021, Mini Rev Med Chem (PMID 33797375)
• Raut 2023, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 35659739)
• Verma 2009, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 19619118)
• Zhang 2021, Food Funct (PMID 34528635)
• Srinivasan 2007, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (PMID 17987447)
• Quijia 2021, Acta Pharm (PMID 33151173)
• LactMed: Black Pepper, NICHD (PMID 35349239)
• EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium monograph & public summary
• EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium monograph (closely related species rationale)
• standard Western ethnobotany/foraging references
• EMA/HMPC Plantaginis lanceolatae folium
• USDA/food-composition data for Plantago greens
• Plantago major — Wikipedia, 2026
• Samuelsen AB, J Ethnopharmacol (PMC7142308), 2000
• Plantain — Drugs.com professional monograph, 2020
• EMA/HMPC Plantaginis ovatae seminis tegumentum (ispaghula husk) monograph & public summary
• FDA soluble-fibre (psyllium) health-claim documentation
• MedlinePlus psyllium information
• Platycodon grandiflorus (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycodon
• Platycodon - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/platycodon.html
• Padhye 2012, Med Res Rev (PMID 23059762)
• Thakor 2022, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 34967293)
• Sandeep 2011, Asian Pac J Trop Med (PMID 22118035)
• Vajdi 2025 J Res Med Sci purslane-and-blood-pressure systematic review/meta-analysis (PMC12646340)
• Zherkova 2025 Plants (Basel) purslane oxalate/ascorbic-acid assessment (PMC12656633)
• USDA FoodData Central (purslane, raw)
• Prunella vulgaris (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_vulgaris
• Prunella / Self-heal - Drugs.com natural database, English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/prunella.html
• Luo et al. 2026, Molecules (PMID 42280170)
• Pueraria montana / Kudzu (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu
• Kudzu (Drugs.com natural database), English, https://www.drugs.com/npp/kudzu.html
• Rehmannia glutinosa (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehmannia_glutinosa
• Oh H., Remophilanetriol: A New Eremophilane from the Roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, ChemInform 2006, doi:10.1002/chin.200602189
• Reynoutria multiflora / Polygonum multiflorum (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynoutria_multiflora
• Fo-Ti / He Shou Wu (LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf NBK548120), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548120/
• Ning et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41936838)
• Gao et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42222156)
• Rhodiola rosea — Wikipedia (cites NCCIH, EMA 2012, Panossian 2010), 2026
• Rhodiola — NCCIH/NIH, 2016
• Ishaque et al., BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:70 (PMC3541197)
• Rosa canina — Wikipedia (cited to peer-reviewed sources), 2025
• Mármol et al., Int J Mol Sci 2017;18(6):1137 (PMC5485961)
• USDA FoodData Central (sorrel/dock)
• food-composition references for Rumex acetosa
• USDA/food-composition data
• ethnobotanical/foraging references for Rumex crispus
• Salvia miltiorrhiza (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_miltiorrhiza
• Wu et al., Danshen preparations for acute myocardial infarction (Cochrane) 2008, PMC8406986
• Chan TY, Interaction between warfarin and danshen, Ann Pharmacother 2001, PMID 11302416
• EMA/HMPC Salviae officinalis folium monograph & public summary
• NIH LactMed record for sage (galactifuge/weaning note)
• Sage — Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) professional monograph, 2026
• Lopresti AL, Drugs R&D 2017;17(1):53-64 (PMC5318325)
• Thujone — Wikipedia, 2026
• Zhao et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMC13082953)
• EMA/HMPC Rosmarini folium / aetheroleum monograph & public summary
• EMA/HMPC Rosmarini folium
• food-phytochemistry literature
• EMA/HMPC Sambuci flos monograph & public summary
• EMA/HMPC Sambuci flos (elder flower)
• Piršelová 2025 cyanogenic-glycoside review (PMC12350405)
• cooking-requirement public-health guidance
• Urumarudappa 2023, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37390875)
• Zhang et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41067327)
• Schisandra chinensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schisandra_chinensis
• Szopa, Ekiert & Ekiert, Schisandra chinensis... a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, Phytochem Rev 2017, PMC5378736
• WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3
• Scutellaria baicalensis (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria_baicalensis
• LiverTox: Scutellaria (NCBI Bookshelf NBK548757), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548757/
• Li & Chen, isolation of baicalein/wogonin/oroxylin A, J Chromatogr A 2005
• EMA/HMPC Sennae folium monograph & public summary
• EMA HMPC public statement on hydroxyanthracene derivatives (safety/genotoxicity)
• NCCIH Saw Palmetto fact sheet
• NCCIH Milk Thistle fact sheet (Fried 2012 JAMA, PMID 22797645; Navarro 2019 PLoS ONE, PMID 31536511; Soleimani 2019, PMID 31069872; Fenclova 2019, PMID 31366891)
• NIH LiverTox Milk Thistle chapter
• Sorbus aucuparia — Wikipedia (cited to Pahlow, Aichele), 2025
• Standard Western foraging/ethnobotany references (regional wild-food and herbal field guides)
• Foraging/food-composition references for Stellaria media
• general botanical floras
• Cross-reference to Calendula officinalis entry above
• NCCIH Feverfew fact sheet
• EMA/HMPC Taraxaci officinalis radix (finalised EU herbal monograph)
• Li 2026 Food Sci Nutr dandelion review (PMC13254017)
• EMA/HMPC Taraxaci officinalis radix
• USDA FoodData Central (dandelion greens, raw)
• Kaur 2014, Cardiol Res Pract (PMID 24600529)
• Dwivedi 2014, J Tradit Complement Med (PMID 25379463)
• Kapoor 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 25014508)
• Maulik 2012, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs (PMID 22583146)
• Zhao et al. 2026, Oral Health Prev Dent (PMID 42205105)
• Peterson 2017, J Altern Complement Med (PMID 28696777)
• Ahmed 2021, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33465446)
• Baliga 2012, Chin J Integr Med (PMID 23239004)
• Gurjar 2025, Fitoterapia (PMID 40466870)
• Xue et al. 2026, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 41224084)
• Thymus serpyllum — Wikipedia, 2026
• Serpylli herba — EMA herbal medicine (Thymus serpyllum L., herba), EMA/HMPC (URL re-verify before publication)
• EMA/HMPC Thymi herba monograph & public summary
• EMA/HMPC Thymi herba
• food-composition literature
• Yates 2022, J Diet Suppl (PMID 33480818)
• Nnamani 2023, Cureus (PMID 37273324)
• Andrade 2023, J Hepatol (PMID 37164270)
• Panneer Selvam 2023, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 36400639)
• Food-composition data for Tragopogon porrifolius
• foraging references
• NCCIH/MedlinePlus red clover information
• menopause isoflavone trial/review literature
• Chehregosha 2025, Avicenna J Phytomed (PMID 41509111)
• Neelakantan 2014, Nutr J (PMID 24438170)
• Mansoori 2020, Phytother Res (PMID 32048383)
• LactMed: Fenugreek, NICHD (PMID 30000838)
• Ethnobotanical/foraging literature on Typha
• phytoremediation studies (bioaccumulation caveat)
• EMA/HMPC Urticae folium (finalised EU herbal monograph)
• EMA/HMPC Urticae radix monograph (root)
• Bussmann et al., Unity in diversity — food plants and fungi of Sakartvelo, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021;17:72
• Martkoplishvili & Kvavadze, Some popular medicinal plants and diseases of the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Georgia, J Ethnopharmacol 2015;166:42-52
• Dujmović 2026 (PMC13206582)
• Mavroeidis 2026 (PMC13210539)
• EMA/HMPC Urticae folium
• USDA FoodData Central (nettle)
• Urticae folium — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2011 (addendum 2022)
• EU herbal monograph on Urtica dioica L. / Urtica urens L., folium, EMA/HMPC, 2011
• NCCIH Cranberry fact sheet (Cochrane review on UTI prevention)
• EMA/HMPC Myrtilli fructus (bilberry fruit) monograph & public summary
• Myrtilli fructus recens — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2015
• Final EU herbal monograph on Vaccinium myrtillus L., fructus recens (EMA/HMPC/375808/2014), 2015
• EMA/HMPC Valerianae radix monograph & public summary
• NCCIH Valerian fact sheet (Leach & Page 2015, PMID 25644982; Valente 2024 umbrella review, PMID 38359657; AASM Sateia 2017, PMID 27998379)
• NIH LiverTox Valerian chapter
• Valerian (herb) — Wikipedia (cites EMA, Commission E, meta-analyses), 2026
• Valerianae radix — EMA herbal medicine, 2016
• Final assessment report on Valeriana officinalis L., radix and aetheroleum (EMA/HMPC/150846/2015), 2016
• Standard Western ethnobotany/herbal references
• small published trials of combination herbal ear drops (otitis) noting mullein as a component
• Paul 2021, Biomed Pharmacother (PMID 34649336)
• Cheah 2021, PLoS One (PMID 34559859)
• Arumugam 2024, Explore (PMID 39348746)
• Della Porta 2023, Nutrients (PMID 38140274)
• Fatima 2024, Hum Psychopharmacol (PMID 39083548)
• Wolfiporia extensa / Poria cocos (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfiporia_extensa
• Poria cocos - Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs, English, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/poria-cocos
• NCCIH Ginger fact sheet (Toth 2018 Phytomedicine, PMID 30466995; Hu 2022, PMID 31937153; Negi 2021, PMID 33842121)
• EMA/HMPC Zingiberis rhizoma monograph
• Zingiber officinale (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger
• Ginger (NCCIH/NIH), English, https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger
• Ginger (LactMed, NCBI Bookshelf NBK501772), English, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501772/
• Tahergorabi et al., Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting With Zingiber officinale in Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews, Phytother Res 2026, PMID 42322087
• Paudel et al., Pharmacological properties of ginger: what do meta-analyses say? A systematic review, Front Pharmacol 2025, PMC12343617
• Li 2024, Int J Food Sci Nutr (PMID 38072785)
• Viljoen 2014, Nutr J (PMID 24642205)
• Tóth 2018, Phytomedicine (PMID 30466995)
• Crichton 2019, J Acad Nutr Diet (PMID 31519467)
• Ziziphus jujuba / Jujube (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphus_jujuba
• Jiang et al., Comparison of the sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides extracted from Semen Ziziphus jujube, Nat Prod Res 2007, PMID 17479419
• MK (recipe commentary, მარგიმუშკი (დარიშხანი) etc.)
• Fang et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41971083)
• Wang et al. 2024, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37689329)
• Pratima 2025, J Pharm Pharmacol (PMID 38642916)
• Di Mauro 2024, Medicina (PMID 39336496)
• Phyllanthus niruri metabolic parameters in kidney stone, Int Braz J Urol, 2018 (PMC6092661)
• Acute toxicity studies of Phyllanthus niruri, PMC3274729, 2011
• Asare 2025, Open Res Eur (PMID 41216486)
• Patel 2025, Fitoterapia (PMID 40334820)
• Dinesh Kumar 2026, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 42046059)
• Olakkengil Shajan 2025, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 41465430)
• Kumar 2024, ACS Omega (PMID 38882167)
• Giri 2025, Glob Adv Integr Med Health (PMID 40626154)
• Kamath 2023, EXCLI J (PMID 38234968)
• Malik 2011, Pharm Biol (PMID 21846173)
• Hannan 2022, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (PMID 36225186)
• Narayana & Mukne 2025, Indian J Pharmacol (PMC12419574)
• Patel 2015, Front Pharmacol (PMID 25750624)
• Cartus 2015, Chem Res Toxicol (PMID 26273788)
• Desai et al. 2025, Toxics (PMC12737251)
• Chellian 2017, Phytomedicine (PMID 28732807)
• Shoaib 2022, Cell Mol Biol (PMID 35809281)
• Claeson 2000, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 10967448)
• Bharath 2023, Molecules (PMID 37110723)
• Momin 2014, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed (PMID 24144125)
• Jimenez-Ferrer 2025, Plants (Basel) (PMID 41095255)
• Iqbal et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41601970)
• Shah 2025, Biotechnol Rep (PMID 40027104)
• Sharma 2015, Ayu (PMID 26730138)
• Chavan Bhagwan et al. 2024, J Ayurveda Integr Med (PMID 38552438)
• Saeed 2024, Heliyon (PMID 38375303)
• [E41] Tribulus terrestris phytochemical/pharmacological/toxicological comprehensive review
• Shadin 2026, PLoS One (PMID 42213651)
• Adhikari et al. 2019, Medicines (Basel) (PMID 31234605)
• Singh 2025, J Med Case Rep (PMID 41272908)
• Raghuvanshi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 33504029)
• Awari 2024, Foods (PMID 39272566)
• Acharya 2016, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 26851499)
• [E32] Cyperi Rhizoma ethnomedicine/phytochemistry/pharmacology systematic review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• Kamala 2018, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 26297840)
• Peerzada 2023, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 37359712)
• Verma 2013, Malar J (PMID 23758861)
• Sinha 2020, PMC review (PMC7565871)
• Li 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42093889)
• Van Anh 2025, Pharmaceuticals (PMID 41304898)
• Vetrichelvan 2013, Indian J Pharm Sci (PMID 23661870)
• He 2017, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 28347832)
• Bafna 2017, Anc Sci Life / J Ayurveda (PMID 28827957)
• Semwal 2014, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33485976)
• Dharmasiri 2003, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 12860308)
• Patle 2021, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 33516930)
• Nandy 2012, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 22887725)
• George 2020, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 32007632)
• Li et al. 2018, Front Pharmacol (PMID 29441019)
• Chi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 34834747)
• Kumar 2022, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 36113678)
• Yang et al. 2025, Cells (PMID 40801607)
• Schoendorfer 2018, BMC Complement Altern Med (Urox RCT) (PMC5793427)
• Vidya 2004, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 15339033)
• Varuna urolithic study 2011, Anc Sci Life (PMID 22131740)
• Shalom 2025, Molecules (PMID 40871489)
• Sharma 2015, Ayu (comparative insomnia study) (PMID 26730138)
• Halder 2025, Sci Rep (PMID 41083705)
• Maaroufi 2021, antifungal study (PMID 34656507)
• Khan 2020, anticandidal study (PMID 32233667)
• Sunil 2022, Foods/Plants review (PMID 36432824)
• Stohs 2015, Phytother Res (PMID 25802170)
• Lekha 2022, J Complement Integr Med / review (PMID 35199395)
• Godkar 2022, neuroprotective review (PMID 35005853)
• Nalini 1995, J Ethnopharmacol (PMID 7500635)
• Solanaceae phytochemical review 2024 (PMID 38475570)
• Lin 2008, J Ethnopharmacol (CCl4 hepatoprotection) (PMID 18045581)
• Jain 2011, therapeutic-properties review (PMID 21438649)
• Frontiers Pharmacol. 2021
• Kindscher (Springer 2016)
• HerbalGram review
• Wikipedia
• PMC7399899 (Prunus phytochemistry)
• Wildflower.org (PRSE2)
• Drugs.com NPP
• HerbalReality
• Avula/Khan et al., Phytochemistry 2018 (PubMed 29968391)
• PMC9458016 (phytochem/pharmacology)
• NIH LiverTox NBK548355
• Drugs.com NPP
• Wikipedia (Mahonia aquifolium)
• United Plant Savers
• USDA Plant Guide (PAQU)
• Wikipedia (American ginseng)
• CITES Appendix II
• Rao & Hoffman, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002 (PubMed 12136970)
• Dugoua et al. 2008 (PubMed 18204101)
• Wikipedia (Monarda fistulosa)
• Herbal Academy
• EthnoPharm
• Ethnobiology Letters 'Skookum Root'
• PMC9093517 (Veratrum viride toxicology)
• PubMed 2362117 (poisoning case)
• ACEP Now toxicology (oil of wintergreen)
• Wikipedia
• PMC10778675 (phytochem/ethnobotany review)
• willow bark clinical reviews
• beta-asarone reviews
• Koul et al. 2020, Molecules (PMC7730924)
• Pandey et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMC11743450)
• EMA/HMPC Tormentillae rhizoma monograph
• Kostenko et al. 2025, tannin-phytotherapy review (PMC12415002)
• Kostenko et al. 2025 (PMC12415002)
• Gonzalez Carretero et al. 2026, PLoS One (PMC12959656)
• anthranoid-laxative pharmacology (general HMPC class assessment)
• EMA/HMPC Frangulae cortex monograph
• Gonzalez Carretero et al. 2026, PLoS One (PMC12959656)
• Uogintaite et al. 2025, Medicina (PMC12654776)
• Lasinskas et al. 2026, Plants (PMC13075012)
• EMA/HMPC Pini aetheroleum monograph
• Olas et al. 2024, Pharmaceuticals (PMC11054606)
• Bolatkyzy et al. 2025, Molecules (medicinal-plants-for-skin-disorders review)
• general Galium phytochemistry/coumarin literature; Slavic folk-plant context
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea pharmacopoeial/folk literature
• EMA/HMPC Uvae ursi folium (arbutin-herb safety analogue)
• cranberry-UTI clinical literature (Cochrane/meta-analyses)
• warfarin-interaction case reports
• Russian pharmacopoeial 'Flamin'/Helichrysum choleretic literature; flavonoid-choleretic phytochemistry
• EMA/HMPC Centaurii herba monograph
• Witkowska et al. 2024 (PMC11085323)
• Ershad & Khalid, StatPearls (NBK536963)
• Ledum/Rhododendron tomentosum essential-oil (ledol) toxicology and grayanotoxin/'mad honey' literature
• Cat's Claw — LiverTox, NIH/NIDDK (NBK548323), 2019
• Gonzales GF, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012
• Maca — LiverTox, NIH/NIDDK (NBK548552), 2019
• Croton lechleri — MSKCC About Herbs, 2019
• Subchronic 4-month oral toxicity study, Food Chem Toxicol, 2005
• Nutrients (MDPI), 2016
• Theobroma cacao L., Pharmacological Research, 2009
• EFSA Scientific Opinion — cocoa flavanols, 2012
• Papaya consumption is unsafe in pregnancy — rat model, Br J Nutr, 2002
• Carica papaya L. Leaf systematic scoping review, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2021
• Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2025
• Steviol Glycosides updated overview, Molecules (MDPI), 2023
• Mate Drinking and Esophageal SCC (pooled case-control), Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014
• Yerba Mate antioxidant compounds, PMC8868397, 2022
• Paullinia cupana Kunth review, J Ethnopharmacol, 2015
• Guarana — LiverTox (NBK589113), NIH/NIDDK
• Red Lapacho ethnopharmacological commodity, J Ethnopharmacol, 2009
• Tabebuia impetiginosa review, Molecules (MDPI), 2020
• Anticancer potential and toxicity of genus Handroanthus, Toxicon, 2022
• Effect of Maytenus ilicifolia on pregnant mice, Contraception, 2001
• Maytenus ilicifolia antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory/antiulcerogenic, J Ethnopharmacol, 2004
• Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata pharmacological tool, J Pharm Pharmacol, 2010
• Biological Activities of Mikania scoping review, PMC12030693, 2025
• Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities of Bixa orellana, Vilar et al., 2014 (PMC4094728)
• The herbal pharmacopoeia of Ecuador, Front Pharmacol, 2025 (PMC12611923)
• Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis, Toxicology Reports, 2019 (PMC6942890)
• Neuropharmacological Properties of Lippia alba, Pharmaceuticals (MDPI), 2025
• Anxiolytic effects of Lippia alba EO and (R)-(-)-carvone, Braz J Med Biol Res / SciELO, 2012
• A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2018
• Baccharis trimera (Carqueja) in Type 1 Diabetes, PMC6304562, 2018
• Horsetail, Drugs.com Natural Products monograph
• Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Equisetum (Kidney Diseases), PMC7954623, 2021
• Safety and Effectiveness of Copaiba Oleoresin on Oral Wounds in Rats, PMC7278981, 2020
• Jiang et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 39749198)
• Anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect of Copaiba systematic review, PMC8873535, 2022
• Trends in chemical and pharmacological research on Calophyllum brasiliense and C. inophyllum, PMC7089286, 2020
• Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity and cytotoxicity of Calophyllum brasiliense, PMC4131784, 2014
• Arrhythmogenic cardiotoxicity of quinoline antimalarial drugs, 2018 (PMC6220451)
• A Ten-Year Review on Ethnopharmacology of Antimalarial Plants, Front Pharmacol, 2021 (PMC8493299)
• The Fever Tree, 2018 (PMC6316520)
• The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic review, 2020 (PMC7678905)
• The mitogenomic landscape of Banisteriopsis caapi, 2024 (PMC11234496)
• The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic review, 2020 (PMC7678905)
• Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review, 2019 (PMC6963515)
• The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics, 2021 (PMC7744036)
• Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition, 2016 (PMC4838786)
• Indigenous-Amazonian Traditional Medicine's Usage of the Tobacco Plant: A Mixed-Methods Case Study, Plants (MDPI), 2023 (PMC9863029)
• Jergon sacha — Dracontium (Tropical Plant Database), Raintree — compiled folk source
• Efecto neutralizador del extracto acuoso de Dracontium loretense sobre veneno de Bothrops atrox, Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica, 2006
• [E1] berberine cardiovascular review
• [E2] Phellodendri Cortex ethnopharmacology review
• [E3] Cortex Moutan systematic review (origins, phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety)
• [E4] J. Ethnopharmacol Chuanxiong rhizome review (2025)
• [E5] Ligusticum chuanxiong chemical/pharmacological/clinical review
• [E6] Liuwei Dihuang systematic review/meta-analysis & network pharmacology (contains Corni Fructus)
• [E8] Epimedium folium traditional-uses review (2024)
• [E7] J. Ethnopharmacol genus Epimedium ethnopharmacological & phytochemical review (Ma et al.)
• [E9] Herba Cistanche (Rou Cong-Rong) phytochemistry & pharmacology review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E11] rhynchophylline antihypertensive/neuroprotective study
• [E10] Uncaria rhynchophylla CNS pharmacology review
• [E12] Magnolia officinalis (Hou Po) bark Nrf2/oxidative-stress study + honokiol/magnolol pharmacology
• [E13] Magnoliae Flos / xin yi pharmacology (shared neolignan/volatile-oil literature; rhinitis formulas)
• [E15] aristolochic acids nephrotoxicity/carcinogenicity systematic overview
• [E14] Asarum heterotropoides aristolochic-acid quantitation & toxicity (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E16] Pinellia ternata comprehensive ethnopharmacology/toxicology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E17] review of processing methods to reduce Pinellia toxicity
• [E18] Anemarrhena asphodeloides botany/pharmacology/toxicology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E19] timosaponin AIII pharmacology/toxicity review
• [E20] Long-Dan Chinese Pharmacopoeia review
• [E21] genus Gentiana phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E22] Saposhnikovia divaricata ethnopharmacological/phytochemical/pharmacological review
• [E23] Notopterygium incisum ethnopharmacology/phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E24] Angelica dahurica traditional uses/phytochemistry/pharmacology review
• [E26] Phase I safety/PK trial of standardized A. lancea extract
• [E25] Atractylodes lancea / cholangiocarcinoma R&D review
• [E27] Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide components & pharmacology review
• [E28] Polygalae Radix metabolites/pharmacology/toxicology review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E29] Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma chemical/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/toxicity review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E30] Schizonepeta tenuifolia chemistry/pharmacology/clinical review
• [E31] Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi) botany/ethnopharmacology/phytochemistry/pharmacology review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E33] Zanthoxylum bungeanum pharma-food phytochemistry/health-function systematic review
• [E34] matrine pharmacology/PK/toxicity review (J. Ethnopharmacol)
• [E35] matrine liver-injury systematic review/meta-analysis
• [E36] Prunus persica / Persicae Semen pharmacology & bioactive-compound review
• [E37] Stephania tetrandra vs nephrotoxic Aristolochia fangchi differentiation study
• [E38] Aristolochia fangchi nephropathy/urothelial carcinoma clinical report (Nortier/Vanherweghem lineage)
• [E40] dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity / CYP3A4 mechanism study
• [E39] Dictamnus dasycarpus traditional uses/phytochemistry/pharmacology/toxicology review
• [E42] Lithospermum erythrorhizon / shikonin mechanism-of-action review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E43] Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide intestinal-barrier review (Front. Pharmacol.)
• [E44] natural vs processed P. sibiricum bioactive-components review
• Yang et al. 2024, Phytomedicine (PMID 38852474)
• Zou et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 39399469)
• Wang et al. 2022, BMC Complement Med Ther (PMID 35505340)
• Welzel et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42158943)
• Chen et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 41158126)
• Elnour & Abdurahman 2024, Heliyon (PMID 39323795)
• Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
• Yun et al. 2019, Comb Chem High Throughput Screen (PMID 31692440)
• Dong et al. 2024, Int J Mol Sci (PMID 39408937)
• Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
• Chi et al. 2021, Gentianeae in Tibetan medicine review (PMID 34834747)
• Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
• Liu et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (PMID 38455959)
• Chi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 34834747)
• Weremczuk-Jezyna & Grzegorczyk-Karolak 2025, Molecules (PMID 40363822)
• Guo et al. 2022, Front Pharmacol (PMID 35370722)
• Yang et al. 2024, Front Pharmacol (Isoalantolactone review) (PMID 39376605)
• Li et al. 2018, Tibetan liver-disease review (PMID 29441019)
• Bai et al. 2025, Front Pharmacol (PMID 40918514)
• Hao et al. 2025, Pharmaceuticals (Basel) (PMID 41599653)
• Xinyu et al. 2026, Front Pharmacol (PMID 42244863)
• Lei et al. 2018, 3 Biotech (PMID 29556433)
• Lei et al. 2020, Curr Pharm Biotechnol (PMID 31775597)
• Staub, Geck & Weckerle 2011, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 22165897)
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• Fu et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41153016)
• Fu et al. 2025, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed (PMID 41153016)
• A Review on the Phytochemical Composition and Potential Medicinal Uses of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Root
• A combination of Tropaeolum majus herb and Armoracia rusticana root for the treatment of acute bronchitis (ScienceDirect, 2023)
• Actinidia spp. (Kiwifruit): A Comprehensive Review of Its Nutraceutical Potential (Food Frontiers, 2025)
• Adonis rose drug monograph — Arzneipflanzenlexikon (EN, transl. from DE)
• Adonis vernalis — Wikipedia (EN)
• Anagallis arvensis — Useful Temperate Plants (EN)
• Antibacterial effects of vanilla ingredients — recent literature review (2022)
• Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Capparis spinosa L. fractions and Quercetin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced acute liver damage in mice (2018)
• Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity of Pulmonaria officinalis Ethanolic Extract (PMC)
• Assessment of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) Extracts … Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, In Vivo Toxicity (PMC)
• Bioactive Ingredients with Health-Promoting Properties of Strawberry Fruit (Molecules/MDPI, 2023)
• Broccoli: A Multi-Faceted Vegetable for Health (2023)
• Butterbur - StatPearls (NBK537160, NIH/NCBI)
• CRS: Cannabis & the Controlled Substances Act (US CRS)
• CRS: Kratom Regulation - Federal Status (US CRS)
• Caper (Capparis spinosa L.): An Updated Review on Phytochemistry, Nutritional Value, Traditional Uses, and Therapeutic Potential (Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022)
• Centaurea benedicta nutrients/bioactives review (PMC11677765)
• Characterization of phenolic compounds and antinociceptive activity of Sempervivum tectorum L. leaf juice
• Chemical Composition, Diuretic, and Antityrosinase Activity of Romanian Cerasorum stipites (cherry stalks) (2021)
• Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology of Khat (PMC3905534)
• Cochlearia officinalis Scurvy Grass, Spoonwort — Plants For A Future (EN)
• Cochlearia officinalis, Common Scurvy-grass — First Nature (EN)
• Cochlearia — Wikipedia (EN)
• Cola acuminata phytochemistry/pharmacology/safety chapter (Springer)
• Comparative Metabolic Study of Tamarindus indica L.'s Various Organs (GC/MS, 2023)
• Comparison of Phenolic Metabolites … Herniaria L. Species … Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro (PMC)
• Comprehensive review of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): Nutritional significance, health benefits, food applications (Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2025)
• Contact Allergy Induced by Mango (Mangifera indica): A Relevant Topic? (Medicina/MDPI, 2021)
• Coumarins of Lovage Roots (Levisticum officinale): LC-MS Profile, Quantification, and Stability (PMC, 2023)
• Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry (Biomedical Research and Therapy)
• Cumin Extract for Symptom Control in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Case Series (2014)
• Current Insights into the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Ruscus aculeatus (PMC)
• Cyanogenic Glucosides in Almond and Sweet Cherry (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017)
• Devil's Claw bibliographic review (MDPI Pharmaceuticals, 2021)
• Dietary oxalate and kidney stone formation (2019)
• Diuretic effect of powdered Cerasus avium (cherry) tails on healthy volunteers
• EFSA Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (EFSA, 2015)
• EFSA news: safe caffeine intakes (EFSA)
• EFSA scientific opinion on green tea catechins (EFSA, 2018)
• EMA - Agropyri repentis rhizoma (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - Anisi fructus (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - Community herbal monograph on Orthosiphon stamineus, folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - Psyllii semen (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - Psyllium seed: summary for the public (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - draft/assessment report on Fumaria officinalis L., herba (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - final assessment report on Cynara cardunculus L. (syn. Cynara scolymus L.), folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - final assessment report on Eschscholzia californica Cham., herba (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - final assessment report on Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., herba (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA - final assessment report on Ruscus aculeatus L., rhizoma (Revision 1) (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA assessment report on Marrubium vulgare L., herba (EMA/HMPC, 2013)
• EMA assessment report on Ribes nigrum L., folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA final reference list Vitis vinifera folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA reference list, Piper methysticum rhizoma (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA — Phaseoli fructus (sine semine) / green bean pod, herbal medicinal product overview (EMA, 2014; EMA/HMPC/317319/2012)
• EMA: Camelliae sinensis non fermentatum folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA: Cnici benedicti herba (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA: Harpagophyti radix (EMA/HMPC, 2016)
• EMA: Lichen islandicus (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA: Marrubii herba (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA: Ribis nigri folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EMA: Vitis viniferae folium (EMA/HMPC)
• EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) FDA label (FDA, 2018)
• ESCOP - Fumariae herba (Fumitory) monograph 2018
• EU herbal monograph on Cetraria islandica (EMA/HMPC)
• EU herbal monograph on Cnicus benedictus L., herba (EMA/HMPC, 2023)
• EU herbal monograph on Herniaria glabra L., H. hirsuta L., H. incana Lam., herba (final) — EMA/HMPC, 2019 (EN)
• EUDA Khat drug profile (EU Drugs Agency)
• Effect of Rauwolfia serpentina and Reserpine on BP (AHA Circulation)
• Effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa fruit, quercetin and vitamin E on MSG-induced toxicity in rats
• Evaluation of an Aqueous Extract from Horseradish Root … against LPS-Induced Cellular Inflammation (PMC)
• FDA Regulation of Cannabis/CBD (FDA)
• FDA and Kratom (FDA)
• Final Community herbal monograph on Levisticum officinale Koch, radix — EMA/HMPC (EN)
• Final Community herbal monograph on Phaseolus vulgaris L., fructus sine semine (EMA, 2014)
• Final assessment report on Levisticum officinale Koch, radix — EMA/HMPC (EN)
• Final assessment report on Ononis spinosa L., radix — EMA/HMPC (EN)
• Galium odoratum — Wikipedia (EN)
• Glycoalkaloids in Potato Tubers — OSU Extension EM-9407
• Goat's Rue - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed), NCBI
• Goat's rue: Benefits, Side Effects & Research - Herbal Reality
• Green Onion (Allium fistulosum): An Aromatic Vegetable Crop Esteemed for Food, Nutritional and Therapeutic Significance (Foods/MDPI, 2023)
• Green Tea - LiverTox (NIH NIDDK)
• Harnessing the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Allium spp. (Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024)
• Health Canada NHPID Devil's Claw monograph
• EMA/HMPC Millefolii herba monograph & public summary
• Hempnettle — RxList (EN)
• Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) — Herbal Reality (EN)
• Herb Robert's Gift against Human Diseases: Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity of Geranium robertianum L. (PMC, 2023)
• Herb-drug interaction between … Hibiscus sabdariffa … and hydrochlorothiazide (PubMed)
• Herbal Reality - California Poppy
• Herbicide-resistance status impacts polyphenolics & phytomedical properties of edible cornflower flowers (PMC)
• Herniariae herba — herbal medicinal product — EMA (EN)
• Hibiscus — Uses, Benefits & Dosage — Drugs.com / Review of Natural Products (EN)
• Horseradish — vital.ly / Natural Medicines monograph (EN)
• Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) for Skin Care, Traditional Uses, and Safety — VitaLibrary (EN)
• How Effective Is Vanilla planifolia Beyond Flavor in Protecting Against Oxidative Stress? (review)
• Iceland moss - Herbal Reality profile
• Illicium anisatum - Wikipedia (toxicity of Japanese star anise)
• Illicium verum - Wikipedia (uses, shikimic acid, adulteration with I. anisatum)
• Influence of Cooking Methods on Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates Content in Cruciferous Foods (2019)
• Is there a role for cherries in the management of gout? (review, 2019)
• Isolation of glycoalkaloids from green, sprouting and rotting Solanum tuberosum (Food Chemistry)
• Kava Kava - LiverTox (NBK548637, NIH NIDDK)
• Kola Nut - Drugs.com (NPP monograph)
• Kratom ingestion requiring naloxone reversal (PMC6366391)
• Lythrum salicaria L.—Underestimated medicinal plant from European traditional medicine. A review (J. Ethnopharmacology, 2015)
• Mangifera indica — overview incl. mangiferin distribution (tertiary, used only for mangiferin distribution figures)
• Mango Dermatitis After Urushiol Sensitization (case report, 2019)
• Marrubium vulgare phytochemical/pharmacological overview (PMC7355696)
• Metabolic Profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea (PMC, 2022)
• Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Different Tissue Parts of Post-Harvest Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) (2024)
• Microstructural and histochemical analysis of aboveground organs of Centaurea cyanus (PMC)
• NCCIH: Kava (NCCIH)
• Nabiximols overview (ScienceDirect)
• Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) — Herbal Reality (EN)
• Nutritional composition, health benefits and bioactive compounds of chickpea (Frontiers in Nutrition, 2023)
• Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea: a review (British Journal of Nutrition)
• Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Functional Food Perspectives of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala): An Integrative Review (2025)
• Olive leaf extract vs Captopril RCT (Phytomedicine, 2011)
• Olive leaf+fruit extract in hypertension/metabolic syndrome (Antioxidants/PMC, 2020)
• Ononidis radix — herbal medicinal product — EMA (EN)
• Oxalate in Foods: Extraction, Methods, Occurrence, and Health Implications (2023)
• Parietaria officinalis — Wikipedia (EN)
• Parietaria officinalis, Pellitory of the wall — Botanical-online (EN)
• Pellitory of the wall (Parietaria officinalis) — Herbal Reality (EN)
• Petasites for migraine - pharmacology & safety review (PMC9108977)
• Pharmacological properties of Anagallis arvensis L. … wound-healing remedies in Navarra (Spain) (J. Ethnopharmacology)
• Phenolic Acid … Antioxidant … of Galeopsis spp. (Lamiaceae) from Romanian Flora (PMC)
• Phenolic Content and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of … Galium odoratum (PMC, 2024)
• Phenolic Profile of Potentilla anserina L. (Rosaceae) Herb … RP-HPLC-UV (PMC)
• Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antigout Potential of Stem Extracts of Four Sweet Cherry Cultivars (2023)
• Phenolic-rich olive leaf RCT (Eur J Nutr, 2017)
• Phytochemical Screening and Acute Oral Toxicity of Java Tea Leaf Extracts (PMC, 2015)
• Phytochemical composition and biological activities of Geranium robertianum L.: A review (J. Ethnopharmacology)
• Polypodium vulgare L. … Polyphenolic Profile, Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotective Properties (PMC, 2021)
• Polypody Root — Uses, Health Benefits and Medicinal Properties — Herbal Supplement Resource (EN)
• Polypody: Cough Uses, Side Effects, & Dosage — MedicineNet (EN)
• Potential benefits of Cuminum cyminum supplementation on metabolic syndrome components: GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis
• Potentillae anserinae herba — Altmeyers Encyclopedia, Phytotherapy (EN, transl. from DE)
• Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Beans and Pulses and Their Resistant Starch (2022)
• Pulmonaria obscura and P. officinalis Extracts as Mitigators of Peroxynitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress and COX-2 Inhibitors (PMC)
• Purple loosestrife — drug monograph — Arzneipflanzenlexikon (EN, transl. from DE)
• Quantitative profiling of glucosinolates by LC-MS reveals cabbage and kale cultivars as promising sulforaphane sources (2012)
• Rauvolfia serpentina overview (ScienceDirect)
• Rauvolfia serpentina phytochemical/pharmacological review
• Regulation of Oxalate Metabolism in Spinach (RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis) (2021)
• Restorative Medicine - Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) monograph
• Review of Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Constituents of Pimpinella anisum (PMC, 2012)
• Rhamnus cathartica - Wikipedia (chemistry & toxicity overview)
• Ribes spp. (currant) knowledge review (MDPI Plants, 2025)
• Root Extracts From Ononis spinosa Inhibit IL-8 Release via TLR4 and LPS (Frontiers in Pharmacology / PMC, 2020)
• RxList - Guar Gum: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions
• Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient (PubMed 19394393, 2009)
• Safety of dried coffee husk (cascara) novel food (EFSA/PMC)
• Safety profile of butterbur extract with emphasis on liver (Diener et al., 2018)
• Satureja hortensis — overview — ScienceDirect Topics (EN)
• Scarlet Pimpernel — WebMD (EN)
• Severe red kidney bean toxicity: hypovolemic shock and prerenal AKI (case report)
• Silverweed — medicinal use of the drug — Arzneipflanzenlexikon (EN)
• Solanine and chaconine — JECFA / WHO Food Additives Series 30 (toxicology, safety limits)
• Stachys officinalis — The Naturopathic Herbalist (EN)
• Stachys officinalis, wood betony — research overview (EN)
• Strawberry Fragaria × ananassa cv. Festival: A Polyphenol-Based Phytochemical Characterization (2023)
• Summer Savory herb — Nutrition facts and Health benefits — Nutrition-and-You (EN)
• Summer savory — Wikipedia (EN)
• Sweet Clover (Melilotus spp.) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds (PMC)
• Tamarind: A diet-based strategy against lifestyle maladies (Food Science & Nutrition, 2019)
• The Genus Adonis as an Important Cardiac Folk Medicine (Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2019)
• The Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System in Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) (J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008)
• The Health Benefits of Tamarindus indica: Phytochemical Composition and Physiological Effects
• The Nutritional and Health Benefits of Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) – a Review (2017)
• The effect of Cuminum cyminum on the return of bowel motility after abdominal surgery: a triple-blind RCT (2024)
• The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review (PubMed, 2010)
• The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review (European Journal of Nutrition, 2018)
• The role of tomato products and lycopene in prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis (2004)
• Tomato Carotenoids and Lycopenes — a Comprehensive Review (2014)
• Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of Health Impacts (2022)
• Toward Standardized Measurement of Active Phytohemagglutinin in Common Bean
• Unveiling the safety, tolerability, and herb-drug interaction concerns of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle): a systematic scoping review (Heliyon/ScienceDirect)
• Vanillin: a review on the therapeutic prospects of a popular flavouring molecule (Advances in Traditional Medicine, 2021)
• Vitis vinifera leaf anti-inflammatory study (PMC6562865)
• WHO ECDD assessment of khat (critical review)
• WebMD - European Buckthorn
• WebMD - Guar Gum
• Whole Food versus Supplement: Tomato Intake and Lycopene Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors (2014)
• Woodruff, Sweet — Drugs.com / Review of Natural Products (EN)
• ნუნუ ღლიღვაშვილი-მარგიანი, "მედეადან დღემდე" (Nunu Ghlighvashvili-margiani, "From Medea to the present day")
• Moerman, Native American EthnobotanyDaniel Moerman
• USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
• Hempnettle (Galeopsis) — Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosing — WebMD (EN)
• Martkoplishvili & Kvavadze, Some popular medicinal plants ... Upper Palaeolithic in Western Georgia, J Ethnopharmacol 2015
• Bussmann et al., A comparative ethnobotany ... Republic of Georgia, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016;12:43
• Millefolii herba — HMPC summary, EMA/HMPC, 2020
• EU herbal monograph on Achillea millefolium L., herba (Rev.1), EMA/HMPC, 2020
• Aconitum carmichaelii (Wikipedia), English, accessed 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_carmichaelii